scholarly journals PARTIALLY CONSTRAINED SEX ALLOCATION AND THE INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE HUMAN SEX RATIO

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. W. Hardy ◽  
Walid E. Maalouf
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Art Techniques

SummaryInfertility affects around 15% of human couples and in many countries approximately 1–4% of babies are born following Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Several ART techniques are used and these differentially affect the sex ratio of offspring successfully produced. These direct effects on sex ratio also have the potential to influence, indirectly, the sex ratios of offspring born to untreated couples. This is of concern because human sex ratio bias may adversely affect public health. Here the extent of indirect effects of ART that could operate, via Fisherian frequency-dependent natural selection, on the progeny sex ratio of unassisted members of a population is heuristically modelled. Given the degrees to which ART techniques bias sex ratios directly, it is predicted that well over 20% of couples would have to reproduce via ART for there to be any discernible effect on the sex ratios produced, in response, by the remainder of the population. This value is greater than the estimated prevalence of infertility problems among human couples. It is concluded that providing ART to couples with fertility problems does not currently generate significant ethical issues or public health concern in terms of indirect effects on the offspring sex ratios of untreated couples.

scholarly journals Effects of assisted reproductive technologies on human sex ratio at birth

2014 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 1321-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid E. Maalouf ◽  
Mina N. Mincheva ◽  
Bruce K. Campbell ◽  
Ian C.W. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth

Infecundity and Infertility

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Thoma ◽  
Carie Cox ◽  
Jasmine Fledderjohann ◽  
Rudolph Kantum Adageba
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Global Epidemiology

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health. Please check back later for the full article. Infertility remains a neglected area in sexual and reproductive health, yet its consequences are staggering. Infertility is estimated to impact about 15% (estimates range from 48 million to 180 million) of couples of reproductive age worldwide. It is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes, financial distress, severe social stigma, increased risk of domestic abuse, and marital instability. While men and women are equally likely to be infertile, women often bear the societal burden of infertility, particularly in societies where a woman’s identity and social value is closely tied to her ability to bear children. Despite these consequences, disparities in access to infertility treatment between low- and high-income populations persist, given the high cost and limited geographic availability of diagnostic services and assisted reproductive technologies. In addition, a significant proportion of infertility arises from preventable factors, such as smoking, sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy-related infection or unsafe abortion, and environmental contaminants. Accordingly, programs that address the equitable prevention and treatment of infertility are not only in keeping with a reproductive rights perspective, but can also improve public health. However, progress on infertility as a global concern in the field of sexual and reproductive health and rights is stymied by challenges in understanding the global epidemiology of infertility, including its causes and determinants, barriers to accessing quality infertility care, and a lack of political will and attention to this issue. Tracking and measurement of infertility is highly complex, resulting in considerable ambiguity about its prevalence and stratification of reproduction globally. A renewed global focus on infertility epidemiology, risk factors, and access to and receipt of quality of care will support individuals in trying to reach their desired number and spacing of children and improve overall health and well-being.

scholarly journals Transitioning from Infertility-Based (ART 1.0) to Elective (ART 2.0) Use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and the DOHaD Hypothesis: Do We Need to Change Consenting?

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Adeleye ◽  
Paolo Rinaudo
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Infertile Patients ◽  
Art Techniques

AbstractThe use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) has increased significantly in recent years. While this is partially due to improved access for infertile patients, another contribution to the growth of ART utilization is represented by individuals without infertility, who electively chose to freeze their gametes and embryos for future use, before ever attempting conception spontaneously. Overall, the safety of ART for parents and children is well described and the risks are modest. However, while long-term health consequences for offspring as postulated by the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis are unknown, numerous animal studies suggest a predisposition for chronic diseases like hypertension and glucose intolerance. In this article, we argue that a key difference exists between infertile patients, who need to use ART as the only means to achieve pregnancy, and (likely) fertile patients who elect to use ART techniques as a family planning option. We believe that these two sets of patients are different and their risks–benefit ratios are different. We propose that while all patients should be aware of the risks, patients planning to utilize ART techniques without a diagnosis of infertility should be encouraged to think critically about the additional risks, particularly the “potential” long-term risks that may be imposed from these elective procedures.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy of a Relationship Break-Up in the Context of Assisted Reproductive Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
I.I. Znamenskaya ◽  
M.R. Travkova ◽  
K.R. Arutyunova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Cryopreserved Embryos

The paper is focused on ethical issues of making decisions about cryopreserved embryos in the context of relationship break-up in the framework of the embryo’s legal status and the church’s stand on the matter. All these issues can be viewed as part of a broader problem of intuitive and rational foundations for decision-making when facing difficult situations in life. On the one hand, the stressful context of the situation implies intuitive-driven decision-making; on the other hand, assisted reproductive technologies are largely counter-intuitive. We describe the peculiarities of family psychotherapy with mixed-agenda couples going through a divorce who have joint cryopreserved embryos but disagree on what to do with them. We introduce a protocol for psychotherapeutic work in the situation when one partner wishes to continue with the fertility treatment and have a child while the other partner is determined to utilize joint embryos as unwanted biological material. In addition, we discuss emotional and social complications that may arise (guilt, unfaithfulness of one of the partners, other losses, and grieving).

scholarly journals “Naturalization” of Routine Assisted Reproductive Technologies by In Vitro Culture of Embryos with Microvibration: Sex Ratio, Body Length, and Weight of 2,456 Live-Birth Deliveries after Transfer of 9,624 Embryos In Vitro Cultured in Static System and with Microvibration

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Vladimir Isachenko ◽  
Karl Sterzik ◽  
Evgenia Isachenko ◽  
Robert Maettner ◽  
Plamen Todorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Static System ◽  
Mechanical Agitation

Aim was to determine whether there is any difference in the sex ratio, body length, and body weight of 2,456 deliveries after transfer of 9,624 embryos derived using in vitro culture under static and mechanical microvibration conditions. Pronuclear embryos from 4435 patients were cultured in vitro under two different conditions: without (n=4821) and with mechanical agitation (n=4803). Sex ratio, body length, and weight of 2,456 live-birth deliveries after transfer of 9,624 embryos were noted. The proportion of males at birth was significantly associated with mode of in vitro culture of embryos only among women aged 40 years and older. The rate “body length” was significantly associated with mode of in vitro culture of embryos only among women aged 29 and younger. In the same time, among twins, this ratio positively associated with in vitro culture of embryos under microvibration only among women aged 30–34 years as well as ≥40 years and negatively among women aged 35–39 years. It was concluded that birth weight of infants was positively associated with mode of in vitro culture of embryos under microvibration among women of all age groups. This trial registration number is ISRCTN13773904, registered 6 April 2016.

Cadmium and assisted reproductive technologies: relevance to public health

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. S30
Author(s):  
S.H. Benoff ◽  
I.R. Hurley ◽  
G.M. Centola ◽  
R. Hauser ◽  
J.L. Marmar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies

scholarly journals An Ethical Assessment Tool (ETHAS) to Evaluate the Application of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Mammals’ Conservation: The Case of the Northern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Barbara de Mori ◽  
Maria Michela Spiriti ◽  
Ilaria Pollastri ◽  
Simona Normando ◽  
Pierfrancesco Biasetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Ceratotherium Simum ◽  
White Rhinoceros

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) can make a difference in biodiversity conservation. Their application, however, can create risks and raise ethical issues that need addressing. Unfortunately, there is a lack of attention to the topic in the scientific literature and, to our knowledge, there is no tool for the ethical assessment of ARTs in the context of conservation that has been described. This paper reports the first applications of the Ethical Assessment Tool (ETHAS) to trans-rectal ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures used in a northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) conservation project. The ETHAS consists of two checklists, the Ethical Evaluation Sheet and the Ethical Risk Assessment, and is specifically customized for each ART procedure. It provides an integrated, multilevel and standardized self-assessment of the procedure under scrutiny, generating an ethical acceptability ranking (totally, partially, not acceptable) and a risk rank (low, medium, high), and, hence, allows for implementing measures to address or manage issues beforehand. The application of the ETHAS to the procedures performed on the northern white rhinoceros was effective in ensuring a high standard of procedures, contributing to the acceptability and improved communication among the project’s partners. In turn, the tool itself was also refined through an iterative consultation process between experts and stakeholders.

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