The influence of the milk ejection reflex on the flow rate during the milking of ewes

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Labussière ◽  
J. Martinet ◽  
R. Denamur
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Individual

SummaryIn order to obtain more information on the importance of the milk ejection reflex in the lactation of normal ewes, experiments were conducted to determine whether the neuroendocrine reflex is able to modify the parameters which characterize the flow rate of the milk under normal milking conditions.Ewes were allowed to suckle their lambs freely during the 3 days following parturition. They were then milked with a machine and the individual milk production was measured volumetrically at each milking. Different fractions obtained during milking (‘machine milk’, ‘machine strippings’ and ‘hand strippings’), and the milk flow, were measured using a sensitive recording system. In further experiments, machine milking was performed after intravenous administration of oxytocin, during general anaesthesia, and after unilateral or bilateral denervation of the mammary gland.The ewes fell into 2 categories: those giving most of their milk in 1 rapid emission, and those giving it in 2 quite separate emissions. The results indicated that the second emission found in some of the ewes was the milk emptied from the acini by the neuroendocrine ejection reflex. Disappearance of the second emission resulted from the administration of oxytocin before milking—which induces passage of the milk from the acini into the mammary cistern—and also from general anaesthesia or denervation of the mammary gland.

scholarly journals Interruption of machine milking in dairy cows: effects on intramammary pressure and milking characteristics

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Pfeilsticker ◽  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Ejection Rate ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Milking Machine

SUMMARYExperiments were designed to test the hypothesis that milk ejection rate decreases during milking, thereby causing insufficient refill of the cistern and decreasing milk flow rate towards the end of milking. In a first series of experiments machine milking of the left front quarters of 11 cows was interrupted for 2 min after removal of 25, 50 or 75% of expected total milk yield, while milking was continued in the other three quarters. Milk flow was recorded during machine-on times. Intramammary pressure (IMP) was recorded during premilking teat stimulation and during interruption of milking. IMP during interruption of milking decreased with decreasing amounts of milk remaining in the udder. The IMP did not change during these interruptions when they occurred after 25 and 50% of expected total milk yield was removed. Thus, the ejection rate could keep up with the milk flow or removal rate. However, IMP increased during interruption of milking following removal of 75% of total yield, although significantly so only in cows with a high milk flow rate. Obviously, more milk was removed than was transported to the cisternal cavity. It is likely that a reduced ejection rate caused the decreased milk flow rate. In a second series of experiments the pulsation ratio of the milking machine was changed from the usual 70:30 to 50:50 with the aim of reducing the milk flow rate and thus adapting to the ejection rate at the end of milking. The changed pulsation ratio caused a reduced peak flow rate and a prolonged high milk flow period, whereas the main flow rate did not change significantly.

scholarly journals Simultaneous recording of oxytocin release, milk ejection and milk flow during milking of dairy cows with and without prestimulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Plateau Time ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Left Front

SummaryThe effects of manual teat stimulation compared with stimulation by the liner of a conventional milking machine and the influence of milk ejection on the course of milk flow during the entire milking were investigated. Twelve cows were milked with or without prestimulation on three quarters and milk flow was recorded while intramammary pressure (IMP) was recorded in the left front quarter and blood samples for the determination of oxytocin (OT) were taken at 1 min intervals. OT concentrations increased very similarly in response to manual teat stimulation or liner stimulation and remained elevated during the entire milking procedure. Milk flow curves were generally bimodal without stimulation and not bimodal during milking after prestimulation. Milk yield was not significantly lower in milkings without than with stimulation, whereas machine-on time was prolonged and peak milk flow rate was reduced during milking without stimulation. Time to reach milk flow plateau, time to reach peak flow rate and IMP profiles were similar in both treatments if time was calculated from the start of stimulation. IMP increased similarly in response to manual or liner teat stimulation. In milkings with and without prestimulation IMP did not reach its maximum until the start of milking. In bimodal milk flow curves the second increase of milk flow occurred concomitantly with the start of IMP increase; ejection IMP generally occurred concomitantly with the milk flow plateau. In some cases during milking without prestimulation only small and transient OT release was observed. In response, IMP did not increase to its maximum and increased further in response to a stripping-related OT release. During the course of milking IMP decreased slightly because of the emptying of the three milked quarters. After the end of milking, and with OT concentrations decreasing to the premilking values, IMP again decreased slightly to another plateau, probably owing to myoepithelial relaxation. Thus the course of milk ejection, i.e. the IMP profile, influenced milk removal markedly during early milking.

EFFECT OF LOCALLY IMPLANTED OESTROGEN ON THE RESPONSE OF THE RAT'S LACTATING MAMMARY GLAND TO OXYTOCIN

1973 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Bruce ◽  
X. Cofre ◽  
V. D. Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Lactating Mammary Gland ◽  
Small Rise

ABSTRACT On the day following delivery (day 1 of lactation) one abdominal mammary gland was implanted with oestrogen and the contralateral gland received an empty needle. At 2, 5 or 10 days of lactation the rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital and the nipples of both abdominal glands were cannulated and their pressures recorded by means of transducers coupled to an amplifier and recording system. The normal mammary glands of 5-day lactating rats responded to very low doses of oxytocin (Syntocinon®, Sandoz) (5× 10−8 mU) with a rhythmic elevation in pressure. However, saline infusion also evoked a small rise in intra-mammary pressure. Earlier (2 days) and later (10 days) in lactation the responses were smaller. Oestrogen decreases significantly the milk ejection response to oxytocin, and the effect was maximal at day 10 of lactation. Histological observations confirmed the diminished reaction of the gland to oxytocin, since the milk was retained in the alveoli of rats bearing a mammary-oestrogen implant. A paradoxical rise in pressure was detected in normal as well as in oestrogen-implanted glands when the lowest dose of oxytocin was injected in lactating rats which had previously received a high dose of oxytocin (50 mU or 500 mU). These results reinforce the hypothesis that oestrogen alters the milk ejection response to oxytocin and that the mechanism is probably related to changes in the contractility of the myoepithelial cells.

METHOD FOR EVALUATING INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK EJECTION OF COWS WHEN USING DIFFERENT MILKING TECHNOLOGIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
V.P. MESHCHERYAKOV ◽  
◽  
YU.G. IVANOV ◽  
T.N. PIMKINA ◽  
E.V. ERMOSHINA
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Robotic Milking ◽  
Automatic Milking Systems ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using a latent period of the ejection of the first portion of milk in order to evaluate the individual characteristics of the milk ejection features of cows using the technology of bucket milking and robotic milking. Two experiments were conducted on cows of Black-Motley breed. Under the first experiment, the individual characteristics of the milk ejection were shown using the technology of bucket milking. Under the second experiment, they were determined for the technology of robotic milking. The first experiment was conducted on 12 mature cows. They were milked with a serial milking machine. The process of lactation was recorded by means of a bucket counter. The parameters of milk ejection were defined by analyzing the curve of lactation and making calculations. The second experiment was conducted on 30 first-calf heifers. Cows were milked on robotic installation the Astronaut A4 of Lely Company (the Netherlands). The data of the information system of herd management Lely T4C have been used for the analysis. Depending on the indicator of a latent period of the first milk portion ejection in both experiments three groups of cows (I–III) have been isolated. The ability of milk ejection in the first group was identified as high, in the second group – average and in the third group – low. Both experiments showed that the value of a latent period of the first milk portion ejection determined the milk ejection ability of cows. The increase in the period of the first milk portion ejection has been found among cows as their milk ejection ability decreses. The currently used milking technology shows that the reduced milk ejection among cows leads to the decrease in the indicators of the average and maximum intensity of milk ejection, the first two minutes of milking and also it leads to longer duration of milking. Using the robotic milking, the authors found that the first-calf heifers with the short period of the first milk portion ejection are characterized by the shortest duration of treating the teats and staying in the milking parlor, the average duration of milk ejection from the each quarter of the udder, as well as high values of the average and maximum intensity of milk ejection. The first-calf heifers with slow milking capacity are characterized by the longest duration of treating the teats and staying in the milking parlor, the average duration of milk ejection from the each quarter of the udder, as well as the lowest values of the average and maximum intensity of milk ejection. This suggests that the selection of first-calf heifers with high milk ejection ability will help to increase the productivity of automatic milking systems during the milking process. It is proposed to use the value of a latent period of the first milk portion ejection in the breeding activities.

Effect of stimulation intensity on oxytocin release before, during and after machine milking

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Weiss ◽  
Alen Dzidic ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Stimulation Period ◽  
Stimulation Of

Release of oxytocin (OT) is essential for milk ejection in dairy cows (Lefcourt & Akers, 1983; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1998). During milk ejection, alveolar milk is shifted into the cistern, which causes an increase of intracisternal pressure (Bruckmaier et al. 1994). To initiate maximum milk ejection at the start of milking, increasing OT concentration beyond a threshold level is sufficient (Schams et al. 1983). Increasing OT concentration beyond this threshold has no additional effect on intracisternal pressure, i.e., milk ejection (Bruckmaier et al. 1994). Stimulatory effects of milking by hand or by machine or by suckling are well documented (Gorewit et al. 1992; Bar-Peled et al. 1995; Tancin et al. 1995; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996). At the start of milking, stimulatory effects of machine milking without pre-stimulation or with a manual pre-stimulation and subsequent machine milking cause the release of comparable amounts of OT (Gorewit & Gassman, 1985; Mayer et al. 1985; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996), whereas the timing of the applied pre-stimulation is important for the shape of the milk flow curve. Should the pre-stimulation period be too short, or absent altogether, the start of the main milk flow is delayed resulting in a bimodal milk flow profile (Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996). Furthermore, the stimulation of only one teat causes an OT release similar to that caused by stimulation of all four teats (Bruckmaier et al. 2001). However, milk production is greater for hand milking or suckling than for machine milking, possibly owing to higher OT concentrations (Gorewit et al. 1992; Bar-Peled et al. 1995).

scholarly journals Teat anatomy affects requirements for udder preparation in Mediterranean buffaloes

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ambord ◽  
Michael H Stoffel ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
The Other ◽  
Longitudinal Cross Section ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Teat Canal ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

The present study was conducted to assess the interrelation between teat anatomy and machine milking in dairy buffaloes raised in Switzerland. A 3-min pre-stimulation induced milk ejection before cluster attachment in most cases and caused an optimal milk removal during machine milking. In an additional experiment, longitudinal cross-section ultrasound was obtained before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation. Teat wall thickness, teat diameter, cisternal diameter and teat canal length were evaluated. It was observed that 3-min pre-stimulation dramatically reduced teat canal length whereas all the other anatomical parameters remained unchanged. The vacuum needed to open the teat canal was also measured before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation by using a special teat cup with only the mouthpiece of the liner remaining on the top of the teat cup (no liner, no pulsation). Without pre-stimulation but after wetting the teat canal by stripping one squirt of milk out of the teat, no milk could be withdrawn with a vacuum up to 39 kPa. However, after pre-stimulation, milk flow occurred in all buffaloes at a vacuum between 16 and 38 kPa. In the last experiment, the teat tissue was examined in slaughtered buffaloes and compared with teat tissue of cows. No difference was noted in histological sections and teat canal length was similar in cows and buffaloes. Proximal to the teat canal, the teat did not pass into an open cistern but the lumen was collapsed. In conclusion, buffaloes need to be well pre-stimulated because the tissue above the teat canal provides additional teat closure before milk ejection. Therefore, milk can only be obtained after pre-stimulation.

scholarly journals Einfluss differenzierter Eutervorbereitungszeiten auf Melkbarkeitsmerkmale bei Milchkühen in Kuba

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-347
Author(s):  
N. Kanswohl ◽  
M. Schlegl ◽  
G. Polanco Expósito ◽  
D. Rössel
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Milk Flow

Abstract. Title of the paper: Effect of different time of pre-milking teat preparation on milking characteristics of dairy cows in Cuba For the evaluation of different times of pre-milking teat preparation on milking ability of different races/genotypes some parameters about milking with machines (milking characteristics) have been registered. This study reveals that an insufficient pre-milking teat preparation clearly under 60 s lead to a significant deterioration of the milking characteristics. The average milk flow rate decreased while the main-milking-time and the post-milking-time increased. Generally a pre-milking teat preparation of 60s was sufficient to trigger a fully adequate milk ejection. An increase of this time of pre-milking teat preparation to 300 s or even 400 s lead to negative influence on the milking characteristics.

Early mechanical stimulation of the nipple-areola receptors complex promotes the mammary milk ejection function in women delivered by cesarean section

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
N. P. Alekseev ◽  
E. V. Omelyanjuk ◽  
N. E. Talalajeva
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Stimulation Of

Mechanical stimulation and milk ejection from mammary gland in women delivered by caesarean section since 1 day post partum by the breastpump with vacuum and compression stimuli promotes milk ejection function. On the third day postpartum the stimulated mothers had significantly more milk flow reflex peaks than those who were not subjected to stimulation during the 10 min milk ejection session.

The contribution pulsating pressure component of the breast pump mechanism on process milk expression from mammary gland lactating women

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Nikolay Petrovich Alekseyev ◽  
Vladimir Ivanovich Ilin ◽  
Nadezhda Yevgenyevna Talalayeva
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Breast Pump ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Pump Mechanism

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution pulsating compression component of the breast pump in total volume milk ejection by vacuum and compression stimuli. It was found that volume milk ejection together with vacuum and compression stimuli was on 10-46% more than expressing only vacuum stimuli. Average values 40,5 ± 5%, for expression only vacuum stimuli and 59,5 ± 5% for expression vacuum with compression stimuli. It was conclude that compression stimuli increase the efficacy of the breast pump is not only due to the effective formation milk ejection reflex, but also directly by an additional squeezing the milk from the breast.

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