Milk ejection in dairy cows at different degrees of udder filling

2001 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUPERT M. BRUCKMAIER ◽  
MONIKA HILGER
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Regression Curve ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Automatic Milking Systems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Linear Regression Curve

Occurrence of milk ejection and course of milk removal were investigated in 18 dairy cows at milking intervals of 4, 8 and 12 h in early, mid or late lactation. Milk ejection occurred fastest in early lactation at a milking interval of 12 h and was delayed at short milking intervals and in late lactation. Storage capacity of the udder was estimated and the actual milk yields of experimental milkings were calculated as a percentage of storage capacity, i.e. degree of udder filling. It was shown that the occurrence of milk ejection after the start of teat stimulation is a function of udder filling. The relationship between the degree of udder filling and the delay from the start of milking until commencement of milk ejection followed a linear regression curve. Changes in occurrence and course of milk ejection have to be considered in practical milking, mainly in late stages of lactation and after short milking intervals. In automatic milking systems where variable and sometimes extremely short milking intervals occur, the duration of pre-milking udder preparation should be adapted to the expected milk yield at each individual milking procedure.

Changes of physicochemical indicators during mastitis and the effects of milk ejection on their sensitivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert M Bruckmaier ◽  
Daniel Weiss ◽  
Martin Wiedemann ◽  
Susanne Schmitz ◽  
Georg Wendl
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Experimental Inflammation ◽  
First Contact ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the relationship between physicochemical indicators and somatic cells in the milk of dairy cows during experimentally induced mastitis and their significance as indicators for use in controlling udder health. We were concerned particularly with the effect of alveolar milk ejection on the sensitivity of these indicators. In Expt 1, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (Esch. coli LPS) was injected into the left rear quarter to induce an inflammatory reaction in one quarter in each of six cows. The contralateral control quarter was injected with a solution of NaCl (9 g/l). Nine milk samples were taken from both quarters until 60 h after injection. In Expt 2, repeated milk samples were taken every 20 s from one quarter during a 120-s teat stimulation in 20 cows with different somatic cell counts (SCC). Quarters were clustered for low (<5·0 log cells/ml), mid (5·0–5·7 log cells/ml) and high (>5·7 log cells/ml) SCC of the sample taken at t=0 s. Samples were analysed for SCC, electrical conductivity (EC) and Na+ and Cl− concentrations. During the experimental inflammation SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl− peaked at 12 h from LPS administration and values in treated quarters (T) at this time were elevated to 7900, 157, 501 and 169% of the values in untreated quarters, respectively. In Expt 2, SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl− in high SCC quarters were 2520, 121, 283 and 141% of low SCC quarters at the start of stimulation (t=0 s), respectively. Highly significant (P<0·001) differences in EC, Na+ and Cl− between high and low SCC quarters disappeared owing to the onset of alveolar milk ejection 100 s after the first contact with the teat. In conclusion, SCC in cows' milk provided the strongest amplitude in the case of an intramammary inflammation. EC, Na+ or Cl− were useful tools only if the measurements were performed in cisternal milk before the start of alveolar milk ejection.

Lactational changes in oxytocin release, intramammary pressure and milking characteristics in dairy cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Mayer ◽  
Rupert Bruckmaier ◽  
Dieter Schams
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Pressure Increase ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Almost All

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted to investigate possible changes of milking-related oxytocin release (Expt 1) and of intramammary pressure and milking characteristics (Expt 2) throughout entire lactations in German Braunvieh dairy cows. Mean oxytocin concentrations after stimulation at onset of milking increased from 18·3 ± 15·9 to 30·7 ± 24·1 pg/ml in Expt 1 and decreased from 23·9 ± 17·6 to 15·4 ± 9·1 pg/ml in Expt 2, respectively, but remained above the level necessary to elicit complete milk ejection in both trials. Premilking baseline intramammary pressure had its maximum in early lactation until about month 4 and then decreased to ∼50% of its initial level. Ejection pressure followed a similar pattern, but dropped only to ∼75% of its maximum. This was due to the constant elevation of pressure increase, reaching its highest level in late lactation. Time from commencement of stimulation until maximum pressure exceeded 1 min in almost all instances even in early lactation and increased throughout lactation. Despite the normal decrease of milk yield average milk flow fell only slightly while maximum flow rate remained almost constant. Pressure increase, milk yield and milk flow were not different after 1 min and after extended stimulation. Thus there were no indications of a decreasing sensitivity of the milk ejection reflex during lactation, and milking characteristics were positively affected by intense teat stimulation. Suggestions for practical dairying are made.

STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE WITH REFERENCE TO ITS IDENTITY WITH ACTH

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. KETTERER ◽  
ELIZABETH REMILTON
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Regression Curve ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Response Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Response Curves ◽  
Linear Regression Curve

SUMMARY 1. The standard Xenopus method for the assay of pituitary melanophore-expanding hormone has been critically examined, and the results from various assay procedures are statistically analysed. 2. Log dose-response data are well fitted by a linear regression curve. Responses at 3 hr give a steeper curve than those at 1½ hr. 3. Results collected 6 months apart show that the mean and slope of dose-response curves remain constant when Xenopus are given regular dosage; there is, however, a progressive increase of variance with time shown by the colony under these experimental conditions. 4. Evidence is presented to show that Xenopus must be minimally disturbed during assay, and that assay doses must be given not less than 1 day apart.

scholarly journals Use of Large and Diverse Datasets for 1H NMR Serum Metabolic Profiling of Early Lactation Dairy Cows

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. W. Luke ◽  
Jennie E. Pryce ◽  
Aaron C. Elkins ◽  
William J. Wales ◽  
Simone J. Rochfort
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
The Impact

Most livestock metabolomic studies involve relatively small, homogenous populations of animals. However, livestock farming systems are non-homogenous, and large and more diverse datasets are required to ensure that biomarkers are robust. The aims of this study were therefore to (1) investigate the feasibility of using a large and diverse dataset for untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) serum metabolomic profiling, and (2) investigate the impact of fixed effects (farm of origin, parity and stage of lactation) on the serum metabolome of early-lactation dairy cows. First, we used multiple linear regression to correct a large spectral dataset (707 cows from 13 farms) for fixed effects prior to multivariate statistical analysis with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that farm of origin accounted for up to 57% of overall spectral variation, and nearly 80% of variation for some individual metabolite concentrations. Parity and week of lactation had much smaller effects on both the spectra as a whole and individual metabolites (<3% and <20%, respectively). In order to assess the effect of fixed effects on prediction accuracy and biomarker discovery, we used orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression to quantify the relationship between NMR spectra and concentrations of the current gold standard serum biomarker of energy balance, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). Models constructed using data from multiple farms provided reasonably robust predictions of serum BHBA concentration (0.05 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.18). Fixed effects influenced the results biomarker discovery; however, these impacts could be controlled using the proposed method of linear regression spectral correction.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis of Childhood BMI based on Simplicial Band Depth

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 03038
Author(s):  
Yutong Ren
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Regression Curve ◽  
Band Depth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weight Data

This paper mainly studied the relationship between obesity and BMI. BMI is the ratio of height to weight and measures a person’s health. In this paper, height and weight data of obese children from 2 to 18 years old in local hospitals were collected. The linear regression method was used to find the correlation between BMI and children’s health degree, and the regression curve between age and BMI was plotted. This paper supplemented the vacancy of BMI study on children, and a complete BMI curve could be obtained for each child according to the curve, so as to predict possible health problems of children in advance.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Morfologi Ambing, Produksi Susu dan Komponen Susu pada Sapi Friesian Holstein

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Dian Wijayanti Solechah ◽  
Dian Wahyu Harjanti ◽  
Rudy Hartanto
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Livestock Productivity ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAK. Ukuran-ukuran ambing merupakan salah satu indikator yang menentukan produksi susu sapi perah. Morfologi ambing dapat digunakan untuk menilai produktivitas ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ukuran-ukuran ambing, produksi susu dan komponen susu. Materi yang digunakan yaitu 30 ekor sapi (Friesian Holstein) FH periode laktasi III-V dan bulan laktasi 3-4. Analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier sederhana dengan SPSS 16. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan yang nyata (P 0,05) antara kedalaman ambing belakang dan panjang ambing terhadap produksi susu secara berturut-turut dengan persamaan regresi Y = -1,142 + 0,435 X (r = 0,494 dan R2 = 0,244),Y = -9,197 + 0,463 X (r = 0,625 dan R2 = 0,390), lebar ambing belakang terhadap produksi susu dan jarak antar puting depan dengan produksi susu dengan persamaan regresi secara berturut-turut Y = 1,236 + 0,28 X (r = 0,397 dan R2 = 0,157) dan Y = 17,203-0,996 X (r = 0,367 dan R2 = 0,134). Kesimpulan yang didapat bahwa ada hubungan antara ukuran-ukuran ambing dengan produksi susu sapi Friesian Holstein, dimana terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kedalaman ambing belakang, panjang ambing serta lebar ambing belakang dan jarak antar puting depan dengan produksi susu dengan koefisien korelasi (r) tertinggi sebesar 0,625 dan koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 39%.  (Relationship between udder morphology, milk production and milk components of friesian holstein cows) ABSTRACT. The size of the udder is one indicator that determines the production of dairy cows. The udder morphology can be used to assess livestock productivity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between udder measurements, components of milk and milk production. The material used was 30 Holstein Friesian (FH) lactation periods III-V and lactation months 3-4. The analysis used was a simple linear regression with SPSS 16. The results showed a significant relationship (P 0.05) between the depth of the udder and length of the udder to milk production in a row with the regression equation Y = -1,142 + 0,435 X (r = 0,494 and R2 = 0,244), Y = -9,197 + 0,463 X (r = 0,625 and R2 = 0,390), width of the rear udder to milk production and the distance between the front nipple and milk production with consecutive regression equation Y = 1,236 + 0,28 X (r = 0,397 and R2 = 0,157) and Y = 17,203 – 0,996 X (r = 0,367 and R2 = 0,134). The conclusion that there is a relationship between udder measurements with Holstein Friesian milk production, where there is a significant relationship between the depth of the udder, udder length and width of the udder and the distance between the front nipples with milk production with the highest correlation coefficient (r) of 0,625 and the coefficient of determination (R2) of 39%.

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