Agriculture and Economic Growth in England, 1660–1750: Agricultural Change

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
National Income ◽  
Agricultural Change ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Improved Methods

Between the middle of the seventeenth century and the middle of the eighteenth century, English agriculture underwent a transformation in its techniques out of all proportion to the rather limited widening of its market. Innovations in cropping took place on a wide, though not a universal, front and independently of any great expansion of demand, which was to stimulate the extension of improved methods during the classic agricultural revolution of the late eighteenth century. Except in the sphere of stock breeding, the remainder of the century really had little to offer in the way of techniques which were new in principle. Yet the initial introduction of the most important advanced techniques had come during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when the slow and ultimately uncertain growth of population and the modest rise in per capita national income combined to produce only a gradual growth of demand.

The Invention of National Legal History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Rückert
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Critical Method

The chapter undertakes the first European overview up to the present and a comparison of the main European variations with its significant differences and communalities. European legal history is a product of special historiographies. The decisive contexts were the legal humanism and the monarchical state-nationalism of the seventeenth century. Legal history now was understood as task of legitimation, integration, and differentiation. The scientific basis was a new critical method. In the late eighteenth century the task became a modern national drive and was concentrated on state and folk. At the same time the genre was widened in nearly all branches of law. The three pioneers and model cases, namely Hermann Conring (1643) with K.F. Eichhorn (1808), Claude Fleury (about 1670), and Matthew Hale (about 1670), are analysed intensively.

The Time of the Trap Door

Killing Times ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 54-86
Author(s):  
David Wills
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Trap Door ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This chapter offers an examination of the refining of the instant of execution that takes place with the introduction of trap door gallows in the seventeenth century and, more spectacularly and explicitly, in the late eighteenth century with the French Revolution and the guillotine. The death penalty is thereby distinguished from torture and a post-Enlightenment conception of punishment is introduced, lasting to the present. But the guillotine is bloody, and that underscores a complex visuality of the death penalty that also obtains during the same time period, playing out across diverse genres such as the execution sermon, political and scientific discourses relating to the guillotine, Supreme Court descriptions of crimes, and practices of an entity such as the Islamic State. What develops concurrent with the guillotine—yet remains constant through all those examples--is a form of realist photographic visuality.

scholarly journals Validity of Malthusian Theory of Population in 20th Century in Terms of Using Scientific Technology to the Economic Growth and Strength

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Mahfuzur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Population Theory ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Present World ◽  
Scientific Technology

In the late eighteenth century, in 1798, England's renowned economist Thomas Malthus, in his book ‘Essay on the Principal of Population’1, propounded a stirring theory about population, according to his name, it is called the Malthusian Population Theory. Malthus discussed the problem of population increase in the food supply and the scarcity of production rule. According to Malthus, population increases in geometric rates and food production increases at arithmetical rate. In the twentieth century, we will see how logical the population theory of Malthus is in today's world and how unreasonable. Although the population theory of Malthus is somewhat true for the underdeveloped countries. Due to the development and use of science and technology in the present world, the population theory of Malthas has been criticized by various modern economists.

scholarly journals COMMON LAW JURISPRUDENCE AND ANCIENT CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE RADICAL THOUGHT OF JOHN CARTWRIGHT, GRANVILLE SHARP, AND CAPEL LOFFT

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE BERNARD OWERS
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Political Tradition ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Ancient Constitution

AbstractA number of late eighteenth-century English parliamentary reformers synthesized arguments based upon reason and natural law with appeals to the ‘ancient constitution’. This article aims to examine how such reformers were able to move to a democratic view of political agency while maintaining a rhetorically powerful appeal to constitutionalist precedent. It will examine how three of these radicals, John Cartwright, Granville Sharp, and Capel Lofft, collaborated in their utilization of the latent natural law maxims of the English common law, reviving the rationalist potential of the jurisprudence of Edward Coke and Christopher St Germain to democratize the seventeenth-century Whig conception of the ancient constitution. It will thereby show how reformers in the 1770s and 1780s challenged the domestic and imperial political status quo by exploiting the underlying ambiguities of the intellectual resources of their own ‘respectable’ legal and political tradition.

Divine Poetry? Early Modern European Orientalists on the Beauty of the Koran

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Loop
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Divine Origin ◽  
Islamic Belief

AbstractThis article discusses Western attitudes to the style of the Koran from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth century. The subject is of particular interest because the question of the Koran's aesthetic value is ultimately linked with the Islamic belief that the inimitable beauty of Muhammad's revelation is the very proof of its divine origin (i'jāz al-Qur'ān). Given the apologetic function of this doctrine in Islamic theology, many early modern European orientalists, from Theodor Bibliander to Ludovico Marracci, criticised the style. Some of the arguments presented were remarkably persistent and can be followed up to the present day. This article also shows, however, that since the end of the seventeenth century scholars such as Andreas Acoluthus, George Sale and Claude-Etienne Savary had developed a more favourable attitude to the Koranic style, while, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Prophet Muhammad was seen as an inspired genius and the Koran as an example of 'divine poetry'.

The ichneumon fly and the equilibration of British natural economies in the eighteenth century

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHEILA WILLE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural Evil ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
Inherent Stability

AbstractThe parasitic ichneumon fly, discovered by European natural philosophers in the seventeenth century, remained largely unstudied until it captured the attention of Enlightenment-era natural historians. Although this sudden surge of interest has been explained as an effort to understand the natural ‘evil’ of parasitism, the heyday of ichneumon studies was actually inspired by the political and agricultural context of late eighteenth-century Britain. British naturalists were captivated by this insect for reasons both philosophical and practical. In the providentially self-equilibrating qualities of ‘natural’ ichneumon economies, they saw solutions to political problems of famine, dearth, national wealth, governance and excess population, in addition to finding reassurance that Enlightened confidence in nature's inherent stability and fruitfulness was not unfounded.

scholarly journals Political Ideals and Loyalties of Some Russian Writers of the Early 1760s

Slavic Review ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-575
Author(s):  
Walter Gleason
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Western European ◽  
Political Principles

During the initial years of her reign, Catherine II had to contend with political criticism and expectation of reform among nobles such as Denis Fonvizin and Ippolit Bogdanovich. Many Soviet scholars, particularly Makogonenko, Gukovskii and Pigarev, argue that the political writings of these critics can be interpreted as the initial evidence of a “constitutional” movement in Russia similar to those of mid-seventeenth century England and late eighteenth century France. The goal was to force Catherine to share political power by accepting “fundamental laws” or a “constitution.” Convinced of the need for such reforms, Fonvizin, Bogdanovich, and several other lesser known writers tried unsuccessfully in 1762 to win Catherine's approval of their projects. Failing to gain Catherine's support, the nobles became her political opponents —consistently and insistently advocating their political principles. This interpretation is valuable for its focus on the question of sovereignty and the individual's relation to the ruler as well as appealing for its attempt to integrate Russian events into a broader, European framework. Yet Soviet historians do not adequately specify and evaluate the theoretical origins of this “constitutional“ opposition. General references to contemporary European thinkers (British, French or German political philosophers) obscure their differences and assume the transfer of western European political ideas into Russia intact and unaltered in content or understanding. It is necessary, therefore, to investigate carefully the theoretical origins of the Russian writers' political ideals, their own version of these ideals, and the implications these opinions had for the writers' relationship to the ruler during the early 1760s.

A Breed Apart? Class and Community in a Somerset Coal-Mining Parish, c.1750–1850

Rural History ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
RHIANNON THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Community Identity ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This article fills an historiographical and methodological gap in our knowledge of the lived experience of the process of rural industrialisation. It uses a microhistorical study of a rapidly developing parish in the Somerset coalfield to question notions current in the historiography of rural class structures and community identity. It employs a variety of sources, including extracts from a particularly detailed early nineteenth-century journal, to demonstrate that the growing proportion of coal miners in the parish population from the late eighteenth century was well integrated, economically and culturally, into the local community. This argument runs counter to the stereotype that coal miners tended to form a ‘breed apart’ from the wider population. It is further argued that parish-based definitions of community, which have been emphasised in some of the most recent historiography, are less relevant in regions experiencing significant economic growth and structural change.

scholarly journals BISHOP NIKODIM BUSOVIĆ AND UNIATISM IN LATE 17TH AND EARLY 18TH CENTURY DALMATIA AND BOKA

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-130
Author(s):  
MARINA MATIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Population Migrations ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Catholic Bishops

This article deals with the role and activities of Bishop of Dalmatia Nikodim Busović at the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century. For Dalmatia and Boka, these were tumultuous times caused by the Morean War (1683–1699), with increased population migrations and increased Uniate pressures on the local Serbian population. During this turmoil, the Uniate archbishop of Philadelphia, Meletius Tipaldi, attempted to expand his influence and bring the Serbian Orthodox population in Dalmatia under his jurisdiction. At the same time, Catholic bishops in Dalmatia and Boka, protégés of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, were pressuring Serbs to embrace Uniatism. Under these circumstances, Bishop Nikodim Busović managed for more than a decade to skillfully maintain the Serbian ecclesiastical organization under Venetian rule. After his suspension, Serbs in the coastal area of Dalmatia and Boka did not have a bishop until late eighteenth century.

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