scholarly journals Institutional Transplant and Cultural Proximity: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Prussia

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1060-1093
Author(s):  
Giampaolo Lecce ◽  
Laura Ogliari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Institutions

This article presents evidence that cultural proximity between the exporting and the receiving countries positively affects the adoption of new institutions and the resulting long-term economic outcomes. We obtain this result by combining new information on pre-Napoleonic principalities with county-level census data from nineteenth-century Prussia. We exploit a quasi-natural experiment generated by radical Napoleonic institutional reforms and the deeply rooted cultural heterogeneity across Prussian counties. We show that institutional reforms in counties that are culturally more similar to France, in terms of religious affiliation, generate better long-term economic performance.

The Revolution

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-94
Author(s):  
Philip T. Hoffman ◽  
Gilles Postel-Vinay ◽  
Jean-Laurent Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Credit Markets ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Matching Markets ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter focuses on the French Revolution's impact on credit markets and the long-term implications for lending. It begins with the revolution's fundamental institutional reforms, which shaped credit markets for the rest of the nineteenth century. The chapter analyzes the effect of the reforms and the consequences of the revolutionary inflation—this entails looking at how borrowers and lenders reacted, both in the short and long run. It also involves examining shifts in their demand for notaries' services, whether to draw up contracts if clients were illiterate, or to secure loans with collateral. Finally, the chapter examines the difficulty that borrowers and lenders had in the peer-to-peer matching markets where only a few loans were made each month.

The Second Start of Transformation in Ukraine?

2014 ◽  
pp. 30-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Grigoryev ◽  
E. Buryak ◽  
A. Golyashev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Political Turmoil

The Ukrainian socio-economic crisis has been developing for years and resulted in the open socio-political turmoil and armed conflict. The Ukrainian population didn’t meet objectives of the post-Soviet transformation, and people were disillusioned for years, losing trust in the state and the Future. The role of workers’ remittances in the Ukrainian economy is underestimated, since the personal consumption and stability depend strongly on them. Social inequality, oligarchic control of key national assets contributed to instability as well as regional disparity, aggravated by identity differences. Economic growth is slow due to a long-term underinvestment, and prospects of improvement are dependent on some difficult institutional reforms, macro stability, open external markets and the elites’ consensus. Recovering after socio-economic and political crisis will need not merely time, but also governance quality improvement, institutions reform, the investment climate revival - that can be attributed as the second transformation in Ukraine.

Fin-de-Siècle Salonica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Circle Of Friends ◽  
New Institutions

This chapter discusses Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's childhood in the ancient Macedonian capital of Salonica. The future founder of the Turkish Republic was born one winter, either in 1880 or in 1881. His upbringing was more liberal than that of most lower-class Muslims. No one in his family's circle of friends and relatives, for instance, practiced polygamy. Likewise, his father reportedly drank alcohol, which was abhorred by conservatives. The confusing dualism produced in Ottoman society by the reforms of the nineteenth century had its first imprint on Mustafa when his parents entered into a heated argument about his education. There is little doubt that Mustafa Kemal's deep-seated predilection for new institutions and practices owed much to his years as one of a handful of students in the empire who had their primary education at a private elementary school devoid of a strong religious focus.

Gran Paradiso: Erkenntnisse aus der sich natürlich regulierenden Steinbockpopulation|Gran Paradiso: Conclusions from the naturally regulated Capricorn population

2007 ◽  
Vol 158 (11) ◽  
pp. 349-352
Author(s):  
Grégory Amos ◽  
Ambroise Marchand ◽  
Anja Schneiter ◽  
Annina Sorg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Density ◽  
National Park ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Capra Ibex ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Gran Paradiso ◽  
Gran Paradiso National Park

The last Capricorns (Capra ibex ibex) in the Alps survived during the nineteenth century in the Aosta valley thanks to the royal hunting reservation (today Gran Paradiso national park). Capricorns from this reservation were successfully re-introduced in Switzerland after its Capricorn population had disappeared. Currently in Switzerland there are 13200 Capricorns. Every year 1000 are hunted in order to prevent a large variation and overaging of their population and the damage of pasture. In contrast, in the Gran Paradiso national park the game population regulates itself naturally for over eighty years. There are large fluctuations in the Capricorn population (2600–5000) which are most likely due to the climate, amount of snow, population density and to the interactions of these factors. The long-term surveys in the Gran Paradiso national park and the investigations of the capacity of this area are a valuable example for the optimal management of the ibexes in Switzerland.

«Благочестивые путешествия» в Иерусалим: российские паломники-писатели XVIII столетия

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Kirillina
Keyword(s):  
Travel Literature ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Ottoman History ◽  
Holy Places

Abstract The culmination of long-term development of the traditional pilgrimage genre in Russian literature falls on the eighteenth century. Reports of Russian pilgrims to the Christian Holy Places of the Middle East produced during this period, not only precede the nineteenth century the Golden age of travel literature in Russia, but also retain their great historical and cultural significance and still remain a subject of research for scholars dwelling on the Arab-Ottoman history. The authors attention is focused on 12 pilgrims accounts written by Ivan Lukjanov (dates of travel: 17011703), Makariy and Seliverst (17041707), Andrey Ignatiev (17071708), Ippolit Vishenskiy (17071709), Varlaam (17121714), Matvey Nechaev (17211722), Sylvester and Nicodim (1722), Vasiliy Grigorowich-Barskiy (17231747), Serapion (17491751), Ignatiy Denshin (17661776), Leontiy (17631765) and Meletiy (17931794). The research focus of the article is on the personalities of the pilgrimagewriters, their biographical data and social background as well as the fates of their writings after their completion. Some of the pilgrims accounts received due credit long after they had been produced, others gained great popularity at the time of writing and some of them were almost forgotten and mostly neglected by scholars of the following generations. The article also deals with the religious affiliation of the pilgrimage-writers, which predetermined their perception of the Arab-Ottoman world through the prism of Russian Orthodoxy and the values preached by this particular brand of Christianity.Аннотация В XVIII в. традиционный паломнический жанр в русской словесности достиг подлинного расцвета и подошел к своему логическому завершению. Паломнические описания Святой Земли, составленные в XVIII в., не только предваряют XIX столетие золотой век путешествий в русской литературе, но и сохраняют свою самостоятельную историко-культурную значимость, а их содержательная сторона продолжает оставаться объектом исследований ученых, в том числе арабистов и османистов. Внимание автора сосредоточено на 12 паломнических описаниях, авторство которых принадлежит Ивану Лукьянову (даты путешествия: 17011703 гг.), Макарию и Селиверсту (17041707 гг.), Андрею Игнатьеву (17071708 гг.), Ипполиту Вишенскому (17071709 гг.), Варлааму (17121714 гг.), Матвею Нечаеву (17211722 гг.), Сильвестру и Никодиму (1722 г.), Василию Григоровичу-Барскому (17231747 гг.), Серапиону (17491751 гг.), Игнатию Деншину (17661776 гг.), Леонтию (17631765 гг.) и Мелетию (17931794 гг.). В исследовательском фокусе статьи находятся личности паломников и дошедшие до нас сведения об их биографиях, их социальное происхождение, а также последующая судьба их произведений. Одни письменные свидетельства богомольцев о хождениях к святым местам Ближнего Востока завоевали признание современников, другие были по достоинству оценены значительно позднее, а некоторые практически выпали из поля зрения последующих поколений исследователей. В статье также отдельно рассмотрена конфессиональная принадлежность паломников-писателей, которая предопределила их восприятие арабо-османского мира сквозь призму Русского Православия.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Pilgrim's Progress ◽  
Organizational Differences ◽  
Book Publication

The Introduction summarizes the aims and methods of the book, explains the title, taken from Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, addresses the paradox of the otherworldly aims of religion and the worldly means of book publication, lists the principal questions the book sets out to answer and the denominations and groups covered, and points out the varied meanings of the terms ‘Methodist’ and ‘evangelical’. Despite the theological and organizational differences between these denominations and groups, they agreed on the fundamental importance of disseminating books for inculcating Christian belief and practice. To illustrate the long-term influence of such publications there is a brief analysis of Collins’s nineteenth-century series, ‘Select Christian Authors, with Introductory Essays’.

The Conceptual Framework: Growth, Institutions, and Social Orders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lorenzo Capussela
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Reversible Process ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Social Orders

This chapter lays out one part of the theoretical framework of the book, drawn from institutional economics. This literature maintains that institutions are the main determinant of long-term growth, and that to remain ‘appropriate’ institutions must evolve in synchrony with an economy’s progress through the stages of its development. Their evolution depends on a society’s openness to political creative destruction. Limited-access social orders tend to constrain it, to safeguard elites’ rents, and typically undermine progressive institutional reforms, breaking that synchrony. The transition from that social order to the open-access one is an endogenous and reversible process, in which inefficient institutions, which allow elites to extract rents, coexist with appropriate ones, which constrain their power and make it contestable. The hypothesis is advanced that Italy has not yet completed this transition, and that the tension between its efficient and inefficient institutions can endogenously generate shocks, which open opportunities for equilibrium shifts.

International Opera in Nineteenth-century New York

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-269
Author(s):  
Karen Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
World War I ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
World War ◽  
Metropolitan Opera ◽  
The City

This chapter charts how canonic repertories evolved in very different forms in New York City during the nineteenth century. The unstable succession of entrepreneurial touring troupes that visited the city adapted both repertory and individual pieces to the audience’s taste, from which there emerged a major theater, the Metropolitan Opera, offering a mix of German, Italian, and French works. The stable repertory in place there by 1910 resembles to a considerable extent that performed in the same theater today. Indeed, all of the twenty-five operas most often performed between 1883 and 2015 at the Metropolitan Opera were written before World War I. The repertory may seem haphazard in its diversity, but that very condition proved to be its strength in the long term. This chapter is paired with Benjamin Walton’s “Canons of real and imagined opera: Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1810–1860.”

scholarly journals Behavioral medicine challenges in the shadow of a global pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa T Brooks ◽  
Hannah K Allen ◽  
Louise Thornton ◽  
Tracy Trevorrow
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Health behavior researchers should refocus and retool as it becomes increasingly clear that the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic surpass the direct effects of COVID-19 and include unique, drastic, and ubiquitous consequences for health behavior. The circumstances of the pandemic have created a natural experiment, allowing researchers focusing on a wide range of health behaviors and populations with the opportunity to use previously collected and future data to study: (a) changes in health behavior prepandemic and postpandemic, (b) health behavior prevalence and needs amidst the pandemic, and (c) the effects of the pandemic on short- and long-term health behavior. Our field is particularly challenged as we attempt to consider biopsychosocial, political, and environmental factors that affect health and health behavior. These realities, while daunting, should call us to action to refocus and retool our research, prevention, and intervention efforts

scholarly journals THE RAILWAY NETWORK AND THE PROCESS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION IN SPAIN, 1900-2001

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Franch-Auladell ◽  
Mateu Morillas-Torné ◽  
Jordi Martí-Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Municipal Level

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a methodology for quantifying the territorial impact on population distribution of the railway. The central hypothesis is that access to railway services provides the best-connected areas with a long-term comparative advantage over others that are less accessible. Carrying out a historical analysis and providing comparable data at the municipal level allows us to determine the extent to which the railway has fostered the concentration of population within its immediate surroundings. The case study presented here is that of Spain between 1900 and 2001, but the same methodology could equally be applied to any other country for which the required data are available. In this case, key data included a Geographic Information System with information about both the development of the railway network and census data relating to total population at the municipal level. The results obtained suggest the relevance of this methodology, which makes it possible to identify the periods and areas in which this influence was most significant.

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