scholarly journals Behavioral medicine challenges in the shadow of a global pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa T Brooks ◽  
Hannah K Allen ◽  
Louise Thornton ◽  
Tracy Trevorrow
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Health behavior researchers should refocus and retool as it becomes increasingly clear that the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic surpass the direct effects of COVID-19 and include unique, drastic, and ubiquitous consequences for health behavior. The circumstances of the pandemic have created a natural experiment, allowing researchers focusing on a wide range of health behaviors and populations with the opportunity to use previously collected and future data to study: (a) changes in health behavior prepandemic and postpandemic, (b) health behavior prevalence and needs amidst the pandemic, and (c) the effects of the pandemic on short- and long-term health behavior. Our field is particularly challenged as we attempt to consider biopsychosocial, political, and environmental factors that affect health and health behavior. These realities, while daunting, should call us to action to refocus and retool our research, prevention, and intervention efforts

Editorial

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi Kumar ◽  
Erica Burman
Keyword(s):  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Health Management ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Primary Focus

We welcome readers to the first special issue (11.1) of the Journal of Health Management. We hope the readers find the articles and various reviews enriching and provocative, both in terms of the range of ideas and critical approaches addressed. The key theme of this double issue concerns the political limits of mega-development projects such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The primary focus of the articles collected here is to provide an insightful, constructive and in-depth critique of the United Nations (UN) MDGs along with critical deliberations on their short- and long-term implications not only for health management but also for a wide range of issues around development and social change.

Abstract 04: Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Behaviors are Partially Explained by Socioeconomic, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara M Whitaker ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Kiarri N Kershaw ◽  
John N Booth ◽  
David C Goff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Explanatory Role

Introduction: There are known racial differences in cardiovascular health behaviors, including smoking, physical activity, and diet quality. A better understanding of factors that explain these differences may suggest novel intervention targets for reducing disparities in cardiovascular disease. Objective: To examine whether socioeconomic, psychosocial and environmental factors mediate racial differences in health behaviors. Methods: We studied 3,028 Black or White CARDIA participants who were enrolled at age 18-30 years in 1985-86 and completed the 30 year follow-up visit in 2015-2016. Health behaviors included smoking (current, former ≤ 12 months, never smoker/quit >12 months), physical activity (inactive, active but not meeting guidelines, meeting guidelines), and a surrogate for healthy eating using fast food and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (frequency per week ≥ 2, some but < 2, none). Each behavior was assigned a value of 0 for poor, 1 for intermediate or 2 for ideal and summed to calculate an overall health behavior score for each participant (range 0-6). The race difference (β) in health behavior score was estimated using linear regression. Formal mediation analyses computed the proportion of the total effect of race on health behavior score explained by socioeconomic, psychosocial, and environmental factors (see Table footnote). Results: Blacks had a lower health behavior score than Whites in crude analyses (mean difference: -1.04, p<0.001). After adjustment for sex, age and field center, socioeconomic factors mediated 50.5% of the association between race and the health behavior score, psychosocial factors 26.8% and environmental factors 9.0% (p<0.05 for all). Joint associations mediated 58.1% of the race-health behavior score association. Conclusions: Observed racial differences in the health behavior score are predominately mediated by socioeconomic factors, which appear to play a stronger explanatory role than psychosocial and environmental factors.

P6233The association between ideal cardiovascular health behavior and long-term risk profile and outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Benderly ◽  
K Abu-Saad ◽  
O Kalter-Leibovici
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index

Abstract Background Health behaviors are important contributors to cardiovascular health (CVH) across populations. Little data exist regarding the association between attaining health behavior goals and long-term health outcomes. Methods Ideal CVH behaviors (no tobacco smoking, normal body mass index, engagement in leisure physical activity and healthy dietary habits) based on the American Heart Association definition, were evaluated in a random Israeli population sample (N=1079) stratified by sex, ethnicity (Arabs and Jews) and age (range: 25–74 years). Negative binomial models were used for testing associations with health service utilization counts and the Cox proportional hazard models for the associations with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality. Median follow-up was 15.6 years (interquartile [IQ] rage: 12.9–16.1) for mortality and 9.7 (IQ range: 7.7–10.2) otherwise. Results None of the participants had all four ideal health behaviors at baseline, 68 (6%) had three, 308 (28%) had two, 547 (51%) had one, and 156 (14%) had none. Mean [standard deviation; SD] participant age was 49 [12], 51 [14], 52 [15] and 47 [15] for participants with 0, 1, 2 and 3 ideal health behaviors, respectively. With each additional ideal health behavior, the prevalence of male (range: 83% of subjects with no ideal behaviors to 40% of subjects with three), Arab (61% to 21%) and married (92% to 65%) participants decreased, and the prevalence of participants with higher socioeconomic determinants increased. A higher number of ideal health behavior was associated with lower baseline diastolic blood pressure (mean [SD]: 82 [9] mmHg for none, to 76 [9] mmHg for three ideal behaviors), and a more favorable baseline lipid profile. Adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education years, professional prestige and comorbidities (Charlson index), each additional ideal health behavior was associated with reduced risk of developing diabetes (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.91), hypertension (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.71–1.03) and dyslipidemia (HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74–0.98). Controlling for the same variables, the addition of one ideal health behavior was associated with fewer hospitalizations (rate ratio [RR]: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69–0.93), and cardiology clinic visits (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.75–1.03). The hazard ratio was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.62–1.14) for MACE and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.66–1.03) for all-cause mortality. Conclusion Attainment of all four cardiovascular health behaviors goals is rare across the population. A higher number of ideal health behaviors is associated with a lower risk of long-term diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, fewer health service utilizations and a lower MACE and mortality risk.

scholarly journals Editorial

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi Kumar ◽  
Erica Burman
Keyword(s):  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Health Management ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Primary Focus

We welcome readers to the second special issue (11.2) of the Journal of Health Management in 2009. We hope the readers find the articles and various reviews enriching and provocative, both in terms of the range of ideas and critical approaches addressed. The key theme of this double issue concerns the political limits of mega-development projects such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The primary focus of the articles collected here is to provide an insightful, constructive and in-depth critique of the United Nations (UN) MDGs along with critical deliberations on their short- and long-term implications not only for health management but also for a wide range of issues around development and social change.

scholarly journals Nutrition in pregnancy: Basic principles and recommendations

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Draga Plecas ◽  
Snezana Plesinac ◽  
Olivera Kontic-Vucinic
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Healthy diet in pregnancy should guarantee proper fetal growth and development, maintain (and promote) maternal health and enable lactation. Nutritional counseling and interventions need to be an integral part of antenatal care and continue during pregnancy in order to reduce the risk of maternal, fetal and neonatal complications, as well as the short- and long-term adverse outcomes. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are more common in women who begin the gestation as undernourished or obese in comparison to pregnant women whose weight is within normal ranges. Increased nutritional and energy needs in pregnancy are met through numerous metabolic adaptations; pregnancy is successfully achieved within wide range of variations in energy supply and weight gain. However, if nutrient restriction exceeds the limits of adaptive responses, evidence indicates that fetus will develop the alternative metabolic competence that might emerge as a disease (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke) in adult life.

Selective effect of tempol on renal medullary hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (5) ◽  
pp. R1420-R1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Guo Feng ◽  
Stephen A. W. Dukacz ◽  
Robert L. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short And Long Term

The present study assessed the short- and long-term effect of tempol, a membrane-permeable mimetic of superoxide dismutase, on renal medullary hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Tempol was given in the drinking water (1 mM) for 4 days or 7 wk (4–11 wk of age), and medullary blood flow (MBF) was measured over a wide range of renal arterial pressure by means of laser-Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized rats. In addition, the response of the medullary circulation to angiotensin II (5–50 ng · kg−1 · min−1 iv) was determined in SHR treated for 4 days with tempol. Compared with control SHR, short- and long-term treatment with tempol decreased arterial pressure by ∼20 mmHg and increased MBF by 35–50% without altering total renal blood flow (RBF) or autoregulation of RBF. Angiotensin II decreased RBF and MBF dose dependently (∼30% at the highest dose) in control SHR. In SHR treated with tempol, angiotensin II decreased RBF (∼30% at the highest dose) but did not alter MBF significantly. These data indicate that the antihypertensive effect of short- and long-term administration of tempol in SHR is associated with a selective increase in MBF. Tempol also reduced the sensitivity of MBF to angiotensin II. Taken together, these data support the idea that tempol enhances vasodilator mechanisms of the medullary circulation, possibly by interacting with the nitric oxide system. Increased MBF and reduced sensitivity of MBF to angiotensin II may contribute to the antihypertensive action of tempol in SHR.

Toxicocinetic and Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
pp. 344-368
Author(s):  
Abderrezak Khelfi
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Human exposure to nanoparticles has been dramatically increased in the past 25 years as a result of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Many have recognized the importance of identifying potential effects on human health associated with the manufacture and use of these important technology. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the short- and long-term effect, systemic toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Engineered nanoparticles can be taken up by the human body via inhalation, ingestion, dermal uptake, and injection. They can reach the bloodstream and ultimately affect multiple body organs such as liver and spleen or even transcend the blood-brain barrier. Because of the huge diversity of materials used and the wide range in size of nanoparticles, these effects will vary a lot. Local and systemic adverse effects consist of primarily inflammatory reactions. Other observed effects include generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress, disruption of proteins, DNA, mitochondria and membrane structures, as well as changes in cell signaling pathways.

Abstract P156: Health Literacy and Health Behaviors Associated with Racial Disparities in Blood Pressure

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Pu ◽  
Dave Vanness ◽  
David Kreling ◽  
Betty Chewning
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Baseline Health

Introduction: Racial disparity in cardiovascular disease has prompted efforts to improve cardiovascular outcomes through patient education and health behavior promotion. However, little is known about the long-term effects of health literacy and health behaviors on cardiovascular disease outcomes. Hypothesis: This study aims to explore whether racial differences in long-term blood pressure outcomes are associated with baseline levels of health literacy, mediated through longitudinal patterns of health behaviors. Methods: This study used a prospective cohort from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) project, funded by NHLBI. Blood pressure was measured by trained CARDIA researchers at seven examinations between 1985 and 2005. Self-reported health behaviors (including smoking, binge drinking, overweight and sedentary lifestyle) were obtained at each examination. Cardiovascular health literacy was assessed as part of the 1990 observation. We used growth curve modeling to explore racial disparities in blood pressure and to examine if blood pressure outcomes could be explained by participants’ health literacy and their health behavior change. This study included 3,546 CARDIA study participants who remained in the most recent examination at year 2005, with 47% African Americans and 43% males. Results: Racial disparities were observed in participants’ initial blood pressure, blood pressure progression rate, health literacy and health behaviors. African Americans had higher blood pressure at baseline (systolic: 109 vs. 105; diastolic: 70 vs. 67 P<0.0001) and greater increases over time. Caucasians had a higher health literacy score (4 vs. 3.5 P<0.0001) and reported fewer risk behaviors on average. There was a positive relationship between health literacy, education attainment, parents’ education attainment, family income, having health insurance and having fewer risk behaviors. Participants with fewer risk behaviors had lower blood pressure. Blood pressure improved in years with fewer risk behaviors. Higher baseline health literacy was associated with having fewer risk behaviors in the following fifteen years. Overall, the results indicated that blood pressure outcomes were indirectly influenced by baseline health literacy through longitudinal patterns of risk behaviors. This relationship was stronger in Caucasians. Conclusions: This study suggests that racial differences in blood pressure are associated with both health literacy and health behaviors. In response to these findings, important gaps in hypertension preventive care and health behavior promotion should be identified and addressed through efforts to improve cardiovascular health literacy. For minority and high risk populations, multifaceted approaches in addition to patient education may be needed to initiate behavior change.

Effects of Environmental Factors on Exercise in Fish

1991 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID RANDALL ◽  
COLIN BRAUNER
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Muscle Contractility ◽  
Oxygen Transport Capacity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Critical Swimming Velocity ◽  
Short And Long Term

The critical swimming velocity of fish is affected by environmental conditions and the highest swimming speed is obtained only under specific circumstances. The mechanisms causing a reduction in exercise capacity depend on the type of environmental change. Acid waters exert an effect by reducing oxygen transport capacity, whereas reduced temperatures act largely on muscle contractility. Alkaline conditions and salinity change may affect both gas transport and muscle contractility. A fish must operate over a wide range of internal and external conditions and must possess both short- and long-term mechanisms to maintain function under a wide variety of conditions. These mechanisms may be part of the immediate reflex arsenal available to the fish (for example, catecholamine release) or they may be mechanisms induced during acclimation. The nature of the acclimation process is an indication of what may be limiting exercise under a particular set of circumstances. The concept of symmorphosis, especially when applied to ectotherms, needs to be viewed in a broader context. A symmetry of component parts may exist such that structures are designed to satisfy functional requirements for operation over a wide range of conditions, rather than optimally for a given set of conditions. This must involve compromises in design, especially for ectotherms such as fish. Thus, the more variable the conditions under which a system must operate, the less apparent it will be that symmorphosis exists between the component parts.

Toxicocinetic and Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
pp. 1572-1596
Author(s):  
Abderrezak Khelfi
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Human exposure to nanoparticles has been dramatically increased in the past 25 years as a result of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Many have recognized the importance of identifying potential effects on human health associated with the manufacture and use of these important technology. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the short- and long-term effect, systemic toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Engineered nanoparticles can be taken up by the human body via inhalation, ingestion, dermal uptake, and injection. They can reach the bloodstream and ultimately affect multiple body organs such as liver and spleen or even transcend the blood-brain barrier. Because of the huge diversity of materials used and the wide range in size of nanoparticles, these effects will vary a lot. Local and systemic adverse effects consist of primarily inflammatory reactions. Other observed effects include generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress, disruption of proteins, DNA, mitochondria and membrane structures, as well as changes in cell signaling pathways.

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