Screening for Indian isolates of egg-parasitic fungi for use in biological control of fascioliasis and amphistomiasis in ruminant livestock

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. De ◽  
P.K. Sanyal ◽  
A.K. Sarkar ◽  
N.K. Patel ◽  
S. Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Growth Profiles ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Verticillium Chlamydosporium

AbstractWild isolates of the egg-parasitic fungiPaecilomyces lilacinusandVerticillium chlamydosporium, obtained from the organic environment of Durg, Chhattisgarh, India, were subjected to screening forin vitrogrowth using different media types, range of incubation temperature and pH, and their predatory activity to the eggs ofFasciola giganticaandGigantocotyle explanatum. Maximum growth ofP. lilacinuswas obtained in corn-meal agar compared to any other media types. The preferred medium for growth ofV. chlamydosporiumwas corn-meal agar, followed by potato-dextrose agar. After initial growth for 16 h of incubation, no growth was observed in water agar for both the fungi. Six different temperatures – 4°C, 10°C, 18°C, 26°C, 34°C and 40°C – were used to observe growth profiles of the fungi in corn-meal agar medium. While no and very little growth ofP. lilacinusandV. chlamydosporiumwas observed at 4°C and 10°C, respectively, growth profiles of both the fungi were optimal at 26–40°C. A range of pH (pH 4–8) supported growth of bothP. lilacinusandV. chlamydosporium. Full-grown plates of the fungi baited with viable eggs ofF. giganticaandG. explanatumrevealed thatV. chlamydosporiumwas more vigorous in its egg-parasitic ability compared toP. lilacinus. Distortion of the eggs started on day 2–3 of egg baiting in culture plates ofV. chlamydosporium, with complete distortion by day 7. On the contrary,P. lilacinusexhibited very limited egg-parasitic ability and some of the baited eggs even showed development of miracidia.

Fungus–benzimidazole interactions: a prerequisite to deploying egg-parasitic fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium as biocontrol agents against fascioliasis and amphistomiasis in ruminant livestock

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. Singh ◽  
P.K. Sanyal ◽  
N.K. Patel ◽  
A.K. Sarkar ◽  
A.K. Santra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Paecilomyces Lilacinus ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Growth Profiles ◽  
Verticillium Chlamydosporium

AbstractIn vitro trials investigating the effects of albendazole and triclabendazole anthelmintics on the growth profiles of the egg-parasitic fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium were undertaken. In addition, in vivo trials were conducted in goats fed on millet grain cultures of each fungus and administered albendazole and triclabendazole anthelmintics. In vitro growth revealed V. chlamydosporium to be more sensitive to albendazole compared to P. lilacinus. In contrast, triclabendazole had the least inhibitory effect on in vitro growth of both P. lilacinus and V. chlamydosporium. Similar to albendazole, growth of P. lilacinus was more vigorous at 0.5 ppm concentration of triclabendazole. Efforts to re-isolate these egg-parasitic fungi from faeces of goats fed on fungal millet grain cultures before and following single intraruminal administration of albendazole and triclabendazole showed that P. lilacinus was not able to be re-isolated from the faeces at any sampling period. In contrast, V. chlamydosporium was able to be re-isolated from the faeces at all of the sampling periods except for the samples taken at 8–18 h and 18–24 h after administration of albendazole and triclabendazole, respectively. Lack of fungal activity at these times coincided with peak plasma availability of anthelmintics and suggests faecal levels of drugs were also high at these times and impacted negatively on fungal viability.

DURANDIELLA PSEUDOTSUGAE N. SP.; TAXONOMY, CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, LIFE HISTORY, AND HOST RESPONSE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
A New Species

The perfect state of Chondropodium pseudotsugae White is shown to be a new species of Durandiella, for which the name D. pseudotsugae is proposed. Maximum growth in culture is obtained on corn meal agar at 15 °C. Apothecia are produced in the spring; the ascospores are forcibly discharged; pycnidia persist throughout the summer and discharge spores only when moistened. The host response of Douglas fir is the production of a "button" of persistent secondary periderm beneath the infected area.

scholarly journals Zoosporogênese in vitro entre isolados do oomiceto Pythium insidiosum

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira ◽  
Janio Morais Santurio ◽  
Sydney Hartz Alves ◽  
Juliana Siqueira Argenta ◽  
Ayrton Sydnei Cavalheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Pythium Insidiosum

Pythium insidiosum é um oomiceto aquático, responsável pela etiologia da pitiose, uma enfermidade crônica, observada freqüentemente em eqüinos. A produção de zoósporos móveis por este microrganismo se constitui no fator determinante da ocorrência da enfermidade. Este estudo avaliou a zoosporogênese e quantificou a produção de zoósporos de 32 amostras de Pythium insidiosum isoladas de eqüinos naturalmente infectados. Pythium insidiosum foi cultivado em meio Corn Meal Agar acrescido de fragmentos de grama, durante 5 dias, a 37°C. Posteriormente, os fragmentos de grama parasitados foram incubados em Meio de Indução a 37°C, por 24 horas. Observou-se que 16 amostras (50%) produziram 20.000 zoósporos mL-1, 12 isolados (37,5%) produziram acima de 20.000 zoósporos mL-1, enquanto quatro amostras (12,5%) produziram menos de 20.000 zoósporos mL-1. O período de maior produção de zoósporos foi entre 6 e 8 horas de incubação. O protocolo utilizado na indução da zoosporogênese mostrou-se eficiente e representa uma importante ferramenta, tanto para a identificação do Pythium insidiosum, como para a obtenção de zoósporos em quantidades suficientes para a inoculação em animais experimentais e aplicação no desenvolvimento de testes de suscetibilidade.

Comparison of the trapping ability ofArthrobotrys robustaandMonacrosporium gephyropagumon infective larvae ofStrongyloides papillosus

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Gonzalez Cruz ◽  
P. Mendoza de Gives ◽  
H. Quiroz Romero
Keyword(s):  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Infective Larvae

AbstractIn anin vitrotrial, the trapping ability ofArthrobotrys robustaandMonacrosporium gephyropagumagainstStrongyloides papillosusinfective larvae on corn meal agar plates, was evaluated after seven days of interaction at 25°C.Monacrosporium gephyropagumtrapped 93.1% of the larvae whereasA. robustatrapped only 32.3%. Variability in the capture ofS. papillosusinfective larvae by both trapping fungi is discussed.

Effect of different nutrient media on radial growth of Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. infecting different Brassica host crops

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Pratap Singh ◽  
R. U. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Alternaria Brassicae ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
The World

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. is the most common and destructive pathogen of a number of Brassica crops belong to family Brassicaceae. It has been reported from all the continent of the world and causes considerable losses in terms of quality and quantity of crop produce. The present investigation was undertaken in vitro, to know the effect of different nutrient media viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), V-8 Juice Agar (V8JA), Richard’s Agar (RA), Czapeck’s Dox Agar (CDA) and Corn Meal Agar (CMA) on the growth of A. brassicae isolates collected from the different Brassica host crops i.e. Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage and Radish. These isolates were designated on the basis of their hosts as Acae M, Acae Cf, Acae Ca and Acae R, respectively. Radial growth of all isolates was observed after seven days of incubation. The result showed a marked variation in radial growth of A. brassicae isolates. However, maximum growths of all isolates were recorded in V-8 Juice Agar (V8JA) followed by Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while the minimum growth of pathogen was observed in Corn Meal Agar (CMA).

Management of collar rot disease in chickpea by Trichoderma species

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
PREM PANDEY ◽  
G. C. SAGAR ◽  
SUNDARMAN SHRESTHA2 ◽  
HIRAKAJI MANANDHAR ◽  
RITESH K. YADAV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Collar Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Nine isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from different agro- ecological regions of Nepal viz; Jumla, Palpa, Chitwan, Tarahara, Banke, Illam and Salyan and screened against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Adreded soil borne phytopathogen causing collar rot of chickpea in chickpea; In-vitro efficacy of nine fungal antagonist (Trichoderma spp.) against Sclerotium rolfsii were screened. Pot experiment was done to find out the effective management of S. rolfsi through Tricoderma using different methods i.e. Seed treatment, soil drenching and soil application. All the tested isolates of Trichoderma spp. were found effective on mycelial growth inhibition and sclerotial parasitization of S. rolfsii. Trichoderma isolated from Palpa district showed maximum growth inhibition (%) of pathogen periodically after 48(93.78%), 72(96.00%), 96(97.96%) and 120(100.00%) hours of inoculation. Parasitized sclerotium showed minimum sclerotial germination on agar plates. Moreover, Trichoderma species isolated from Palpa districts showed second best percent mycelial growth inhibition periodically at 72(25.00%), 120(29.16%), 168(29.16%) and 216(29.16%).In pot experiment at 40 days after sowing, Seedling height was maximum in soil drenching with 30g per 100ml of water (22.27cm) and Mortality percentage of seedlings was least or highest disease control was observed in seed treated with 109cfu/ml (0.000%).

scholarly journals Chemical and biological control of Fusarium species involved in garlic dry rot at early crop stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Mondani ◽  
Giorgio Chiusa ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Chemical Products

AbstractThe aim of the study was to test in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of triazoles and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum, the former signaled as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot and the latter also involved. In vitro trials were organized using potato dextrose agar with added chemicals or BCAs inoculated with selected F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Garlic cloves were dipped before sowing in suspensions prepared with the fungicides showing the best performances in vitro; then they were dipped in Fusaria suspension before sowing. In in vitro trials, the maximum Fusaria growth inhibition was performed by Propiconazole + Prochloraz (100%), followed by Tebuconazole (88.9%). BCAs showed great capacity to control Fusaria, with a maximum growth inhibition of 80% (Trichoderma harzianum + T. gamsii). In vivo bacterial BCAs showed a similar capacity to control F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum compared to chemical products (mean of severity index 18.6% and 11.7%, respectively). In vivo results confirmed the in vitro performances, except for Trichoderma, which had the worst performances in vivo. Therefore, the results are preliminary but promising for future field application.

Temperature studies of iron-oxidizing autotrophs and acidophilic heterotrophs isolated from uranium mines

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Berthelot ◽  
L. G. Leduc ◽  
G. D. Ferroni
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Uranium Mines ◽  
Iron Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Growth Profiles

Iron-oxidizing autotrophs and acidophilic heterotrophs were quantified at an incubation temperature of 18 °C in several samples obtained from the bioleaching areas of two uranium mines in Ontario, Canada. All samples were mine-water samples with temperatures in the range 13–18 °C. Iron-oxidizing autotrophs ranged from 2683 ± 377 to 245 000 ± 20 205 colony-forming units∙mL−1 and were always numerically superior to acidophilic heterotrophs, which ranged from 40 ± 8 to 9650 ± 161 colony-forming units∙mL−1. For each sample, approximately 20 isolates of each nutritional group were examined for the ability to grow at temperatures of 4, 18, 21, and 37 °C, respectively; overall, 559 isolates of iron-oxidizing bacteria (predominantly Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) and 252 acidophilic heterotrophic isolates were examined and categorized as 'broader temperature range psychrotrophs,' 'narrower temperature range psychrotrophs,' 'intermediates,' or mesophiles. Although psychrotrophic representatives of both groups were abundant, no psychrophiles were recovered from any of the samples. For the iron oxidizers, the temperature growth profiles of the isolates were similar from sample to sample. For the acidophilic heterotrophs, the temperature growth profiles varied considerably among samples.Key words: psychrotrophs; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans; uranium mines.

scholarly journals Biofilm Formation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Modulation by Quinolones, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and Ceftazidime

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Di Bonaventura ◽  
Ilaria Spedicato ◽  
Domenico D'Antonio ◽  
Iole Robuffo ◽  
Raffaele Piccolomini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Original Mass ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT We investigated the in vitro effects of seven fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and rufloxacin), compared to those of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and ceftazidime on total biomass and cell viability of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm. S. maltophilia attached rapidly to polystyrene, within 2 h of incubation, and then biofilm formation increased over time, reaching maximum growth at 24 h. In the presence of fluoroquinolones at one-half and one-fourth the MIC, biofilm biomass was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced to 55 to 70% and 66 to 76% of original mass, respectively. Ceftazidime and SXT did not exert any activity. Biofilm bacterial viability was significantly reduced by all antibiotics tested at one-half the MIC. At one-fourth the MIC all antibiotics, except levofloxacin, significantly reduced viability. Treatment of preformed biofilms with bactericidal concentrations (500, 100, and 50 μg/ml) of all fluoroquinolones caused, except for norfloxacin, significant reduction of biofilm biomass to 29.5 to 78.8, 64.1 to 83.6, and 70.5 to 82.8% of original mass, respectively. SXT exerted significant activity at 500 μg/ml only. Ceftazidime was completely inactive. Rufloxacin exhibited the highest activity on preformed biofilm viability, significantly decreasing viable counts by 0.6, 5.4, and 17.1% at 500, 100, and 50 μg/ml, respectively. Our results show that (i) subinhibitory (one-half and one-fourth the MIC) concentrations of fluoroquinolones inhibit adherence of S. maltophilia to polystyrene and (ii) clinically achievable concentrations (50 and 100 μg/ml) of rufloxacin are able to eradicate preformed S. maltophilia biofilm.

scholarly journals Co-operative action by endo- and exo-β-(1→3)-glucanases from parasitic fungi in the degradation of cell-wall glucans of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

1974 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jones ◽  
Alex. H. Gordon ◽  
John S. D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Complete Breakdown

1. Two fungi, Coniothyrium minitans Campbell and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., were grown on autoclaved crushed sclerotia of the species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which they parasitize. 2. in vitro the crude culture filtrates would lyse walls isolated from hyphal cells or the inner pseudoparenchymatous cells of the sclerotia, in which a branched β-(1→3)-β-(1→6)-glucan, sclerotan, is a major constituent. 3. Chromatographic fractionation of the enzymes in each culture filtrate revealed the presence of several laminarinases, the most active being an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, known from previous studies to attack sclerotan. Acting alone this brought about a limited degradation of the glucan, but the addition of fractions containing an endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase led to almost complete breakdown. A similar synergism between the two enzymes was found in their lytic action on cell walls. 4. When acting alone the endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase had a restricted action, the products including a trisaccharide, tentatively identified as 62-β-glucosyl-laminaribiose. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls and of their glucan constituents.

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