scholarly journals An Improved Method of calculating Birth-Rates. Part II. Results

1905 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-310
Author(s):  
Arthur Newsholme ◽  
T. H. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Made In

In the last number of the Journal of Hygiene we described an improved method of calculating birth-rates, by means of which exact correction can be made, in comparing the birth-rates of two communities or of the same community at different periods, for variations in the proportion of married women at childbearing ages, and for the different fertility-rates at different ages of childbearing life. The value of this method consists in the fact that by its means true differences in childbearing can be discovered, the differences due to variations of age or marital condition being eliminated.

scholarly journals An Improved Method of calculating Birth-Rates

1905 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Newsholme ◽  
T. H. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Intercensal Period ◽  
The Right

1. The ordinary method of calculating the birth-rate does not distinguish between the influence of fertility and of variations in conditions of the population as to age and marriage.2. In ascertaining the true meaning of the great reduction of the birth-rate which has occured in the last 25 years it is necessary to have means for distinguishing between the accidental and the intrinsic causes of change.3. A step in the right direction is made when the legitimate births are stated in terms of the married women at child-bearing ages, and the illegitimate births in terms of the unmarried women of the same ages.4. This method fails to correct for the differences of fertility of the various ages comprised in the age-period 15–45.5. By calculating standard fertility-rates for given populations McLean overcame the above difficulty, and was thus able to compare experiences of a given community at different times with the standard.6. In this paper it is shown that by continuing the above process and obtaining corrected fertility-rates, the fertility-rates of different communities can be made directly comparable.7. The inconveniences of this new and unfamiliar method, and the necessity involved in it of calculating the crude as well as the corrected fertility-rate in every instance, indicate the desirability of obtaining a factor for each community which throughout an entire intercensal period can be applied to the crude birth-rate of that community.8. The desirability of such a factor is increased by the fact that the method of corrected fertility-rates does not take into account the proportion of married women in each population.9. In this paper a method is described of obtaining factors, which, when applied to the readily available crude birth-rates, correct completely both for the varying proportion of married women in compared populations and for the varying fertility at different periods of married life.10. The practical bearings of these corrected birth-rates will be discussed in a later paper.

Non-Marital Pregnancies in Australia since 1947

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Ruzicka
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The Social

SummaryIn this paper, non-marital pregnancies are defined as the sum of ex-nuptial confinements and the first nuptial confinements delivered within the first 8 months of marriage. Analysis is based on the annual statistics of live births, marriages and female non-married population as enumerated in the 1947–71 censuses. The incidence of non-marital pregnancies increased significantly in Australia between 1947 and 1971. This was found to be mainly due to rising ex-nuptial fertility rates, and, to a much lesser extent, to increased frequency of pre-marital pregnancies. A lesser proportion of pregnant non-married women were married before delivery in 1971 than in 1947. Some of the social implications are discussed.

AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE BY PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY

1938 ◽  
Vol 16b (3) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dyer ◽  
C. L. Wrenshall
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Light Filters ◽  
Photoelectric Colorimeter ◽  
Made In

A sensitive and accurate method for the determination of phosphate, involving the application of the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter to the ceruleomolybdate reaction, is described. This technique makes it possible to differentiate phosphate phosphorus from other forms of phosphorus.Conditions affecting the rate and extent of color development have been studied. The results show that the maximum color intensity is developed m about five minutes after addition of the reducing agent. The determination may be made in the presence of extraneous color, and soil organic matter does not interfere with the reaction. Under the conditions specified, using light filters, Beer's law applies to the reaction in soil extracts as well as in pure solutions in the range 0.02 to 0.40 parts per million of phosphorus.

VII.—The Fertility of Scottish Married Women, with Special Reference to the Period 1926–1935

1940 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 62-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barclay ◽  
W. O. Kermack
Keyword(s):  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Married Women ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Constant Percentage

In a previous communication (Barclay and Kermack, 1938) it has been shown that the specific legitimate fertility rates of Sweden and Denmark, viewed broadly over several decades, exhibit well-marked regularities, briefly described as conformity to a “diagonal law.” The procedure is to express the specific fertility rate, observed for any particular age-group at a certain period, as a percentage of the rate for the same age-group at a time preceding the decline of the birth-rate (“standard rate”). If now these percentages are plotted as contours on a graph, in which the abscissæ represent calendar years and the ordinates women's age, it is found that, when the age-group 15–20 is excluded, the constant percentage curves are approximately straight lines, running parallel to the diagonals in such a sense that, along any line, increase in calendar years corresponds to decrease in women's age. In Finland, the same general effect is apparent, though it is somewhat obscured by minor disturbances. It is found that, in the case of England and Wales, predictions made on the basis of the law give a reasonable agreement with estimated fertility rates calculated by the Registrar-General on the basis of census data.

Differential Nuptiality and Fertility in the Länder of the Austrian Empire (1828–1865)

2020 ◽  
pp. 036319902094960
Author(s):  
Fiorenzo Rossi ◽  
Irene Barbiera
Keyword(s):  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Illegitimacy Ratio

We examine different aspects of nuptiality and fertility in the Länder of the Austrian Empire using the Tafeln zur Statistik der Österreichischen Monarchie (Statistical Tables of the Austrian Monarchy). This source, published from 1829 to 1871, contains data on population and natural movement. After discussing its quality, we study marriage and birth rates, and also age at wedding, illegitimacy ratio, and marital fertility. We find meaningful differences between the regions of Empire: low and late nuptiality in some central Länder, which generally have consequences for birth rates. The frequency of illegitimacy and marital fertility rates are also examined for the 15 Länder.

scholarly journals CURVATURE ANALYSIS FOR COMPOSITE WITH ORTHOGONAL, ASYMMETRICAL MULTI‐LAYER STRUCTURE

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jānis Šliseris ◽  
Kārlis Rocēns
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Elastic Characteristic ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Material Consumption ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Curvature Analysis ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Made In

An option for reducing material consumption in bent construction is flat plate replacement with a curved or saddle shaped plate (shell). This option applies to plywood sheet, provided that the curved or saddle shaped plates are made in widely used multilevel plywood presses with parallel shelves using layers with an appropriate physical properties, geometric dimensions and orientation, creating a structurally asymmetrical sheet, relative to mid‐surface. Improved currently used method for calculation of curvature with taking into account curvature interaction effect and elastic characteristic change in moisture changing process. Compared results obtained by improved method and finite element method. Using improved method calculated values of curvature for a sheet with different geometrical properties and moisture conditions. Santrauka Lenkiamuju konstrukciju medžiagu sanaudas mažina plokščio lakšto pakeitimas sulenktu arba balno pavidalo lakštu (kevalu). Šis pasirinkimas taikomas klijuotes lakštams užtikrinus, kad sulenkti arba balno pavidalo lakštai yra padaromi naudojant keliu lygiu klijuotes presus su lygiagrečiomis lentynomis, imant tinkamu fizikiniu savybiu, geometriniu matmenu ir orientavimo sluoksnius bei sukuriant struktūriškai asimetrinius lakštus, susijusius su viduriniu paviršiumi. Patobulintas dabar taikomas metodas kreivumui skaičiuoti, atsižvelgiant i kreivumo saveikos poveiki ir dregnio kitimo vyksmo tampruji būdingaji pokyti. Palyginti rezultatai, gauti patobulintu ir baigtiniu elementu metodais. Taikant patobulinta metoda, apskaičiuotos kreivumo reikšmes lakštams, kuriu yra ivairūs geometriniai rodikliai ir ivairios dregnumo salygos.

scholarly journals The sites of synthesis of the principal thylakoid membrane polypeptides in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

1977 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
N H Chua ◽  
N W Gillham
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Thylakoid Membrane ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Photosystems I And Ii ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Made In

The sites of synthesis of the major thylakoid membrane polypeptides have been studied in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by pulse labeling of cells with [14C]acetate in the presence of inhibitors specific for chloroplast and cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The labeled membrane polypeptides were separated by an improved method of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gradient gel electrophoresis, and autoradiographs were made of the dried gels. The results demonstrate that of the 33 polypeptides resolved in the gels, at least nine are made on chloroplast ribosomes. Two of these (polypeptides 2 and 6) are associated with the reaction centers of photosystems I and II. Another polypeptide (polypeptide 5) appears from genetic data to be coded by chloroplast DNA. Experiments with a mutant whose chloroplast ribosomes are resistant to spectinomycyn (spr-u-1-6-2) show that polypeptides whose synthesis takes place on chloroplast ribosomes are made in the presence of spectinomycin in the mutant although their synthesis is blocked by this antibiotic in wild type cells.

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