The Effectiveness Of Providing Different Natural Feed Types Of Swordtail (Xiphophorus Helleri) Broodstock On Crude Birth Rate (Cbr)

<p>The most important factor in speeding up fish depends on the food given. The feed given was in the <br />form of artificial feed (pellets) because of the practicality of its availability. However, commercially <br />made feed was of course more expensive, and can pollute the air compared to natural feed which was <br />easy and can be in the surrounding environment. For this reason, it was necessary to look for natural <br />feed as an effective and efficient alternative feed to ripen the gonads of male and female swordtail. <br />The research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions and arranged <br />randomly. Treatment by giving different natural food to the broodstock swordtail: treatment A <br />(commercial pellets), B (Daphnia/Moina), C (blood worms) and D (mosquito larvae feed). Each <br />broodstock treatment used was 27 females and 9 males (ratio 1: 3). The results of water quality <br />measurements of all treatments with an average DO 4 mg/L, temperature 26 to 27<br />o<br />C, pH 7-8 and 30 <br />mg/L hardness, thus showing the water quality during the research, the water condition was suitable <br />for the maintenance of broodstock of swordtail, so that it supported growth. and breed of swordtail <br />to produce tillers. The results showed that the highest average birth rate of swordtail broodstock <br />produced in treatment D were 141 fish followed by treatment B 125 fish, then treatment C of 117 fish. <br />and the lowest was in treatment A with a birth rate of 102 fish.</p>

Reasons and Realities of Health and Geographical Inequality in India: A Study of Inter-State Variations

The paper is an attempt to explain the global regional inequality of health indicators and regional variation among Indian states. This analysis will cover through a set of health indicators (mortality and morbidity) like crude birth rate (CBR), crude death rate (CDR), infant mortality rate (IMR), maternal mortality rate (MMR), life expectancy and total fertility rates (TFR). The paper also provides a comparison of public expenditures on health with that of health expenditure in the private sector in India with those of other countries. This article highlights the dimensions and extent of inequities health indicators. The analysis in this study suggests that much of the problem for low health status in these states is also due to low health expenditure which impacts adversely on the health indicators.

Suburban Fertility and Metropolitan Cycles: Insights from European Cities

Being largely diversified along the urban–rural gradient, fertility gaps have demonstrated to fuel metropolitan expansion, contributing to natural population growth and social change. In this direction, population dynamics and economic transformations have continuously shaped urban cycles in Europe. Assuming suburban fertility to be a relevant engine of metropolitan growth, the present study investigates and discusses the intrinsic relationship between fertility transitions and urban expansion, focusing on European metropolitan regions. An average crude birth rate referring to the last decade (2013–2018) was estimated from official statistics at 671 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs, Eurostat Urban Audit definition) of 30 European countries, distinguishing ‘central cities’ from ‘suburban’ locations. Local contexts with a higher crude birth rate as compared with neighboring settlements were identified analyzing differential fertility levels in urban and suburban locations. By providing an indirect, comparative verification of the ‘suburban fertility hypothesis’ in European cities, the results of this study demonstrate how suburbanization has been basically associated to younger and larger families—and thus higher fertility levels—only in Eastern and Southern Europe. Birth rates that were higher in suburbs than in central cities were observed in 70% of Eastern European cities and 55% of Mediterranean cities. The reverse pattern was observed in Western (20%), Northern (25%) and Central (30%) Europe, suggesting that urban cycles in the European continent are not completely phased: most of Western, Central, and Northern European cities are experiencing re-urbanization after a long suburbanization wave. Demographic indicators are demonstrated to comprehensively delineate settlement patterns and socioeconomic trends along urban–suburban–rural gradients, giving insights on the differential metropolitan cycles between (and within) countries.

الزيادة الطبيعية لسكان محافظة دهوك للفترة (2007 – 2017) وتباينه مكانياً

الملخص: تهدف الدراسة المعنونة بـ ((الزيادة الطبيعية لسكان محافظة دهوك للفترة (2007 – 2017) وتباينه مكانياً)) إلى بيان معدلات الزيادة الطبيعية أي الفرق بين الولادات والوفيات في محافظة دهوك حسب الأقضية بعد أن شهدت المحافظة زيادة ملحوظة خلال السنوات الأخيرة مما استدعت إلى الوقوف عليها، وقد تكوّنَ البحث من ثلاث مباحث: المبحث الأول تطرق إلى استخراج معدل الولادات الخام، والمبحث الثاني درس معدل الوفيات الخام، والمبحث الثالث درس معدل الزيادة الطبيعية (الحيوية) خلال الفترة حسب الوحدات الإدراية، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أنَّ معدل الزيادة الطبيعية في محافظة دهوك انخفضت من نسبة (3.3%) في عام 2007 إلى(2.1%) في عام 2017. Abstract:The objective of the study is to increase the natural increase in the population of Duhok governorate in the period (2007 - 2017) to indicate the rates of natural increase, i.e. the difference between births and deaths in Duhok governorate by district after the governorate witnessed a noticeable increase in recent years. The research may consist of three subjects: first, crude birth rate, second crude mortality rate, and third natural increase rate during the period according to administrative units.The study found that the rate of natural increase in Duhok Governorate decreased from 3.3% in 2007 to 2.1% in 2017.

International purview of poverty control in the new emerging economy

Poverty is a socio-economic problem in Bangladesh which is an emerging economy. The research question of the study is “What are the ways of poverty drop in Bangladesh from the regulation of international political economy and development perspective and how governance of the country can reduce poverty?”. The time period of the research work is from August 2020 to December 2020. The study estimates the multiple regression equation. The study found that life expectancy and crude birth rate per 1000 are significant at a 5% level of significance against per capita GDP. Rising per capita GDP is the chief indicator of poverty reduction in the study, and the export earnings have been found to have a prominent role in rising per capita GDP indicating the needs for a stronger global partnership (SDG-17) alongside a strong local collaboration to achieve poverty reduction and become a middle-income country as per the Government’s Vision 2021. The study has observed that Bangladesh is gradually decreasing poverty over the time period, along with rising per capita income for which stable government regulation to drive poverty is needed so that LDC graduation in 2026 can be feasible

A Collaborative Edge-Cloud Internet of Things Based Framework for Securing the Indian Healthcare System

: Today, 73 years after the independence and twenty years after the turn of the century, “Health for All” which should have been accomplished by now, remains a far-fetched and an elusive dream. Instead, the people of India are bequeathed a triple burden of disease: sustaining the weight of transmittable infections, expanding burden of nontransferable illnesses, and a healthcare system not efficient enough to handle them both. At present, India is home to one-third of the poor population around the world. After a high population growth rate, unregulated and inefficient healthcare is the major cause for this abjection and poverty. The global position of India vis-à-vis the health indicators like Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR) and life expectancy is shocking, shameful and on a downward trend. The objective of this paper was to identify the major issues in the Indian healthcare system and offer Internet of Things (IoT) based solutions. The underdevelopment of health and health services in India is brought about by the same determinants that cause underdevelopment in the first place. This paper discusses these causes and major issues responsible for the dilapidated state of Indian healthcare and offers IoT based solutions for dealing with each of these issues. Moreover, a collaborative edge/cloud IoT based framework has been proposed for remedying the Indian healthcare. : The presented solutions could be used for making healthcare and thereby, health, a reality for all.

Millennium development goals (MDGs-2000-2015) to sustainable development goals (SDGs-2030): a chronological landscape of public sector health care segment of Pakistan

Objective: To study health related Millennium Development Goals in context of Pakistan’s progress in improving health system of Pakistan. Methods: Chronological landscape of health conditions with temporal limit of 2000 to 2015 and progress was measured in five, ten and fifteen years of MDGs in view of Public Sector Health Care Segment (PSHCS). Statistical package IBM-SPSS-21 was used for analyzing the data. ANOVA was conducted at level of significance (p<0.05). Results: Different parameters of PSHCS in context of MDGs were analyzed to evaluate the improvement in public health conditions. No difference in infrastructure was observed during the MDGs (2000-2015) era; Hospitals (p=0.262), Basic Health-Units (p=0.910), Mother & child health centers (p=0.345), Rural Health Centers (p=0.226) Tuberculosis centers (p=0.660), Total-Beds (p=0.220) and Population per bed (p=0.772). However, significant difference was observed in no. of dispensaries (p=0.001). We also observed significant difference in workforce; Registered doctors (p=0.024) dentists (p=0.001) nurses (p=0.047) midwives (p=0.032) and lady-health-workers (p=0.007). No significant difference was observed in the expenditures; health-expenditure (p=0.515), development-expenditure (p=0.678), current-expenditure (p=0.481), percentage-change (p=0.998) expenditure as per GDP (p=0.908). Family planning sector was also without any significant change; Population growth (p=0.108), crude birth rate (p=0.705), crude death rate p=0.460) and life expectancy (p=0.319). It was observed that sick population preferred private facilities compared to the PSHCS facilities. Conclusion: We did not observe any significant difference in most of the health care segments during 2000-2015 and MDGs remained underachieved. Therefore, a way forward is proposed for improvement in PSHCS to persevere SDGs.

Change in fertility rates in southern Ethiopia: Findings from Dale-Wonsho surveillance system site

Background Even though the fertility in Africa has started to decline, there was no demographic study done in southern Ethiopia except a census done more than a decade ago. Understanding the population dynamics can help policymakers forecasting future health needs. The objective of this study is to investigate the population characteristics in Sidama with an emphasis on fertility estimates, age, and death reporting. Methods This is a mixed-method cross-sectional study, conducted in Sidama in southern Ethiopia, using baseline data of the newly established Dale-Wonsho Health and Demographic Surveillance System site in 2018. We used quantitative data of 5179 randomly selected households having 25,144 individuals. We also collected information on deaths in the same study period and from the same population from the traditional burial associations (Iddir). Qualitative data were collected using focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Life tables, age reliability indices and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. Results The total fertility rate was 2.9 children/woman, the crude birth rate was 22.8/1000 population and the crude death rate was 5.2/1000 population. The dependency ratio was 66/100 working-age population. Urban residents had higher birth rates(OR = 1.4 (95% CL: 1.05-1.78), and women with basic education had lower birth rates(OR = 0.6 (95% CL: 0.46-0.78). The Whipple's, Myer's, and United Nations Joint Score indices showed unreliable age reporting. As the number of deaths increased from 29 to 132 when we included deaths registered at the Iddirs, and as there was an under-reporting of neonatal and deaths of young children; the expected life expectancy became lower to 48-55 years. Conclusions The fertility rate in Sidama is lower than previously reported and is affected by age, residence and education. As we have identified important measurement and reporting errors, future demographic surveillance sites should consider these limitations. Key messages The reduction in fertility is an important indicator of demographic transition. Age and vital events reporting system are crucial for demographic surveillance.