scholarly journals The Bacteriological Examination of Surface Wells

1907 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Bacteriological Investigation ◽  
Sample Water ◽  
Indicators Of Faecal Contamination ◽  
Proportionate Number ◽  
Different Soils

1. Numerical counts on gelatin media are of very limited value for surface well examinations and are quite useless for open draw-wells. The blood-heat enumeration is of use, but still of but limited value.2. The influence of rainfall and local conditions generally is marked for this class of waters with regard to their bacterial content.Whether the well is uncovered, or covered and provided with a pump has a very important influence upon the bacteriological results. For a good many wells which show very bad bacteriological findings the cause of pollution is frequently due to surface pollution rather than to pollution of the ground water through the soil. If these wells are properly protected they will become suitable sources of drinking supply.3. The results obtained confirm the value of B. coli and streptococci estimations as the best tests by which to judge the freedom from pollution of such waters.The streptococci results are of great value, only second in importance to the B. coli determinations. In numerical distribution these two organisms closely agree. The presence of streptococci is more reliable as evidence to deduce pollution than their absence is to exclude it.4. An opinion regarding the freedom of surface wells from pollution is best formed on the basis of combined topographical and bacteriological investigation.5. Inspection alone is frequently quite insufficient for the purpose of determining if a well is contaminated and if it should be closed.Of the 50 wells examined no less than 31 had to be classed as doubtful (Series C), topographical examination alone affording insufficient data for the expression of a decided opinion.In view of the fact that pure water supplies are not easy to obtain in many rural districts, a water supply, which may have been in use for many years, cannot be condemned in the absence of clear evidence that it is unsatisfactory and dangerous.6. In surface well waters a large proportion of the coli-like organisms isolated are atypical in one or more particulars.7. Typical B. coli implanted into soil showed some alteration of character, but the changes were not extensive and no evidence was obtained that the widely aberrant organisms met with in different soils and waters ever represent typical B. coli altered by unfavourable environment.8. Organisms closely allied to B. coli, but differing in one or more characters, possess significance as indicators of faecal contamination.The more nearly the organism isolated resembles an “excretal” B. coli the greater is its significance as an indicator of pollution. Consequently the fewer the number required to condemn a sample water in which they occur. Stated as a working proposition, the more the characters of the coli-like organisms deviate from that which for convenience may be spoken of as the typical form, the greater the proportionate number of them required to condemn the water.9. The presence of ‘excretal’ B. coli in 10 c.c. or less of a surface well water points to undesirable pollution and is sufficient to condemn the water.

scholarly journals The distribution of the serological types of B. tetani in wounds of men who received prophylactic inoculation, and a study of the mechanism of infection in, and immunity from, tetanus

1919 ◽  
Vol 90 (634) ◽  
pp. 529-541 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Bacteriological Investigation ◽  
Suitable Technique

The bacteriological investigation of tetanus, the results of which are summarised in the present communication, was undertaken on behalf of the War Office Committee for the Study of Tetanus. Before the bacteriological examination of a relatively large number of cases of tetanus could be effected, it was found necessary to elaborate a suitable technique, as the existing methods for the cultivation of B. tetani proved to be wholly inadequate.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Examination of Tidal Mud as an Index of Pollution of the River

1905 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Tidal Rivers ◽  
Bacteriological Investigation

Inspection by a sanitary expert of all tidal rivers where oysters or other shell-fish are laid, or found, is of the highest importance, but it may frequently, with advantage, be supplemented by a bacteriological investigation.

Bacteriological Examination of Well Water in Wukari, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn Ify Agwaranze ◽  
Alloysius Chibuike Ogodo ◽  
Chioma Blessing Nwaneri ◽  
Paul Agyo
Keyword(s):  
Well Water ◽  
Bacteriological Examination

scholarly journals Iron and Manganese in Well Water: Potential Risk for Irrigation Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Jasna Grabić ◽  
Milica Vranešević ◽  
Radoš Zemunac ◽  
Senka Bubulj ◽  
Atila Bezdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Sample Water ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Given ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Abstract In the light of climate changes and in order to achieve stable crop production, irrigation represents an inevitable measure. Apart from water quantity, water quality represents a matter of concern. The paper elaborates on the presence of iron and manganese, as the main factors of causing the clogging of irrigation systems. The examined well water samples were taken mainly from Serbia. Photometric methods were applied for determining iron and manganese, and sensors for pH and conductivity. The obtained values were later subjected to a classification for irrigation water and the well water samples were classified according to the given thresholds. Precise location and presentation of the obtained results were done using the Geographic information system. The research has shown that from the analysed well water, only in 6 samples iron concentrations were increased up to a level classified as “extreme restrictions,” 4 samples as “warning,” while 31 samples of water were “adequate for irrigation.” Concerning manganese, in only one sample water was classified as “extreme restrictions,” in 14 as “warning” and in 26 as “adequate for irrigation.” pH and conductivity did not coincide with elevated concentrations of iron and manganese, but in the cases of exceeding thresholds, special attention should also be paid to these parameters.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Bacillus botulinus in Scottish Soils

1928 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Leighton ◽  
J. Basil Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Official Report ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Bacteriological Investigation

In January 1923, after the publication of The Epidemiology of Botulism by Dr K. F. Meyer and his colleagues in America, and after the publication of the official report to the Scottish Board of Health on the Loch Maree tragedy, it seemed obvious that an accurate knowledge of the distribution of the Bacillus botulinus in Scotland was very desirable. Dr Meyer had shown that this was an organism which lived in the soil, and he had already published the results of the bacteriological examination of a great number of soils in America and other countries. None of them, however, came from Scotland. I therefore suggested to the Scottish Board of Health that they should ask the Medical Research Council to undertake such an examination, and offered my own services for the purpose of collecting soils from all the Scottish counties. The Board at once agreed, and the Medical Research Council on having the request put to them also at once agreed and appointed Professor Basil Buxton, F.R.C.V.S., to undertake the bacteriological investigation. Prof. Buxton and myself arranged exactly the kind of samples which should be taken, and the method of taking them, and he supplied me from time to time with a number of sterilised containers into which samples of soil were put and forwarded to him for examination.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS KARBON AKTIF JERAMI SEBAGAI ADSORBEN UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR MANGAN (Mn) AIR SUMUR GALI (Studi di Puskesmas Krian pada Ruang UGD Kabupaten Sidoarjo 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Putri Utami ◽  
Demes Nurmayanti ◽  
Marlik .
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sample Water ◽  
The One ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
One Way Anova

The ground water used is dug well water. In order to meet health requirements it needs processing in quality. Some well water contains high minerals in the form of manganese, manganese content of more than 0.5 mg/L can interfere with human health, it is necessary to process the adsorption process. Straw as an adsorbent contains cellulose which can bind metal ions. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of straw activated carbon as an adsorbent material in reducing manganese content in dug well water.This type of research is one group pretest-posttest design that compares the decrease in manganese levels before and after the adsorption process was carried out using adsorbent straw activated carbon. The study was carried out in 7 treatments with controls, and variations in the mass of activated carbon straw were 5 gr, 10 gr, 15 gr, 20 gr, 25 gr, 30 gr. The treatment was carried out 4 the results of the replication were examined in the Laboratory. Data analysis using One Way Anova test.The results showed that the adsorption of straw activated carbon could reduce manganese levels in well water digging the initial level 1.119 mg/L to 1.161 mg/L mass 0 gr, 1.127 mg/L mass 5 gr, 1.132 mg/L mass 10 gr, 0.984 mg/L mass of 15 gr, 0.972 mg/L mass of 20 gr, 0.977 mg/L mass of 25 gr, and 0.855 mg/L mass of 30 gr. Based on the results of the One Way Anova test and the LSD follow-up test obtained by the treatment group which has the greatest influence on the average in reducing the levels of manganese water in the well, namely the mass of 30 gr with an efficiency of 23.59%.It was concluded that the adsorption of straw activated carbon was able to reduce manganese (Mn) levels but was not yet effective. The mass that has a large influence on average in reducing manganese levels is 30 gr. Further research is needed to be able to achieve adsorption efficiency and find an effort to reduce turbidity in sample water after treatment and it is recommended to increase the mass variation of straw activated carbon. KEYWORDS : dug well water, manganese, straw activated carbon

scholarly journals Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) Pesantren Di Desa Tanjung Kecamatan Mempawah Hilir Kabupaten Mempawah Kalimantan Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Togar Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Assembly Training ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
Reddish Brown Color

Mempawah Hilir sub-district is a coastal area which to get a pure water is so hard to obtained. In an area like this the ground water is muddy with reddish-brown color with pH of 2 - 5 (acid), such water is unfit for drinking. The  issue was the necessity of pure water are routinely faced, so to fulfill the necessity of pure water both partners usually rely on Rain Shelter  to eat and drink while the other necessities are taken from well water (pond) and a brown murky sewage. The solution from the team was to transfer the knowledge and the Appropriate technology (MMF) in the form of a Well Water Treatment Installation into a pure water that is feasible to be consume. The output Target was a partner can process the well water with MMF technology suitable with the standard of health water quality and partner can process pure water in a simple way using natural resources in the surrounding. The approach method used was to provide counseling / socialization to both partners, continued with the demonstration, assembly training and use of MMF technology tools. The results of the activities were 1) the sequences of two sets of Water Treatment Installation complete with its spesification, 2) The condition of processed water MMF can be utilized by santri in Pesantren and the citizen for pray  and others. Keywords: MMF, Pesantren, Pure water, and Tanjung village

Decoration of specific sites on freeze-fractured membranes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
H. Gross ◽  
H. Moor
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Of Hydration ◽  
Small Container ◽  
Binding Forces

Fracturing under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, p ≤ 10-9 Torr) produces membrane fracture faces devoid of contamination. Such clean surfaces are a prerequisite foe studies of interactions between condensing molecules is possible and surface forces are unequally distributed, the condensate will accumulate at places with high binding forces; crystallites will arise which may be useful a probes for surface sites with specific physico-chemical properties. Specific “decoration” with crystallites can be achieved nby exposing membrane fracture faces to water vopour. A device was developed which enables the production of pure water vapour and the controlled variation of its partial pressure in an UHV freeze-fracture apparatus (Fig.1a). Under vaccum (≤ 10-3 Torr), small container filled with copper-sulfate-pentahydrate is heated with a heating coil, with the temperature controlled by means of a thermocouple. The water of hydration thereby released enters a storage vessel.

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