A Simulation Approach to the Definition of the Subsystems Parameters in Small Container Terminals

This article deals with the extremely difficult problem faced by a large number of smaller ports: how to enable small container terminals to simultaneously receive two ships of post-Panamax size, and at the same time provide effective transshipment operations on an individual terminal subsystem, which would enable the fast turnaround of the ship in port and at the same time provide the port the possibility to increase annual traffic. For this purpose, a simulation approach was used in a hypothetical small size container terminal. The performed simulations covered all the berth-yard-berth operations focusing on the correct allocation of transfer mechanization to ensure optimal results on the sea side of the terminal. The results obtained were used to define the key parameters on the basis of which a Decision Support Tool was created. The aim of the Decision Support Tool is to help port operators to identify their current problems quickly and effectively and to give them an insight into the measures that need to be implemented to accommodate two post-Panamax ships at the terminal at the same time.

Kelangsungan Hidup Larva Planula Acropora sp dalam Pemeliharaan Terkontrol Kepadatan yang Berbeda

The survival of coral larvae as early phase of coral life is very important for their viability in environmen. This research aims to determine the survival of Acropora sp planula at different densities intensive nursery, and also to khow the critical survival time of them.. This research method was used experiment in density of larvae were held in control laboratory. The planula were rearing ini small container 200 ml of water while the lavae density were used namely 0.5; 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 larvae / ml. The results indicated that survival rate for larvae of different densities (0.5 larvae/ml; 1.0 larvae/ml; 1.5 larvae/ml; 2.0 larvae/m) did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). the highest survival rate of planula larvae was in the treatment with a density of 1.5 larvae/ml and the lowest from a density of 2.0 larvae/ml, and the most larval mortality was in the first 12 hours of rearing, due to the degree of adaptation of larvae to the rearing water medium in all treatment units, then death coral larvae decreased exponentially. This research will be very useful for efforts to restore coral reefs sexually, so as to reduce the impact of exploitation of coral seedlings which are often taken for asexual coral reef restoration as is often done throughout the world's coral reefs.

Determining the optimal number of yard trucks in smaller container terminals

Background In 2017, smaller container ports handled approximately 22% of total containerized cargo. Nowadays liner operators are calling on those ports with larger ships and demanding fast and efficient turnaround of the ships in port. This is possible only if the berth has the right capacities, is working properly and achieves a good productivity level. Methodology Productivity level does not depend only on the quay crane capacities but also the transfer mechanisation, of which the main function is to serve quay cranes on one side and yard cranes on the other side. Choosing the correct type and number of vehicles to transfer container units from berth to yard has become a very important decision in every container terminal. Results In small container terminals yard trucks represents the most common type of transfer mechanization. That is why this research is based on the allocation of the right number of yard trucks to quay cranes in order to assure better productivity levels in the berth and yard subsystems. For this purpose, a discrete-event simulation modelling approach is used. The approach is applied to a hypothetical small container terminal, which includes operations on the berth-yard-berth relation.

Passive-Type Radon Monitor Constructed Using a Small Container for Personal Dosimetry

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recently recommended a new dose conversion factor for radon based on the latest epidemiological studies and dosimetric model. It is important to evaluate an inhalation dose from radon and its progeny. In the present study, a passive radon personal monitor was designed using a small container for storing contact lenses and its performance was evaluated. The conversion factor for radon (222Rn), the effect of thoron (220Rn) concentration and the air exchange rate were evaluated using the calibration chamber at Hirosaki University. The minimum and maximum detectable radon concentrations were calculated. The conversion factor was evaluated as 2.0 ± 0.3 tracks cm−2 per kBq h m−3; statistical analyses of results showed no significant effect from thoron concentration. The minimum and maximum detectable radon concentrations were 92 Bq m−3 and 231 kBq m−3 for a measurement period of three months, respectively. The air exchange rate was estimated to be 0.26 ± 0.16 h−1, whose effect on the measured time-integrated radon concentration was small. These results indicate that the monitor could be used as a wearable monitor for radon measurements, especially in places where radon concentrations may be relatively high, such as mines and caves.

Architectural and structural peculiarities of large tonnage container vessels

Проектирование крупнотоннажных контейнеровозов и конструкций корпуса таких судов, в частности – сложные технические задачи. Для их успешного решения необходимо располагать достаточным опытом и иметь в наличии данные по существующим судам-прототипам. Публикации по этим вопросам, особенно в России, судостроительная отрасль которой не специализируется на проектировании таких судов, достаточно ограничены и касаются в основном проблем проектирования контейнеровозов с относительно небольшой контейнерной вместимостью. В настоящее время крупнейшие контейнеровозы, которые поставляются уже с 2013 года, достигают вместимости 13800 – 22000 TEU. Эти суда - большой шаг к значительному росту размеров контейнеровозов, происходящему в течение последних лет. Цель настоящей статьи – представить некоторые результаты обобщения современной информации об архитектурно-конструктивных особенностях крупнотоннажных контейнеровозов с контейнерной вместимостью от 10 до 20 тыс. TEU, которая необходима для решения задач параметрического проектирования / выполнения проверочных расчетов прочности конструкций корпуса таких судов. В статье представлены данные о тенденциях в строительстве и заказе контейнеровозов различных размеров по всему миру с 1960 по 2020 г. Приведены статистические зависимости, связывающие водоизмещение, дедвейт, количество перевозимых контейнеров, а также соотношения главных размерений с длиной крупнотоннажных контейнерных судов в диапазоне вместимости 8800-22000 TEU. Рассмотрены архитектурно-конструктивные особенности крупнотоннажных контейнерных судов в части: компоновки грузового района, размеров и формы грузовых трюмов. Отмечены особенности конструкции корпуса контейнеровоза и факторы их обуславливающие. Указано определяющее влияние размеров контейнеров на формирование геометрии и конструкции корпуса. Выделены главные проблемы, которые приходится решать при проектировании конструкций корпуса крупнотоннажных контейнеровозов The design of large-capacity container ships and the hull structures of such ships, in particular, are complex technical tasks. For their successful solution, it is necessary to have sufficient experience and to have available data on existing prototype vessels. Publications on these issues, especially in Russia, the shipbuilding industry of which does not specialize in the design of such vessels, are quite limited and deal mainly with the problems of designing container ships with a relatively small container capacity. Currently, the largest container ships that have been supplied since 2013 reach a capacity of 13,800 - 22,000 TEU. These vessels are a big step towards a significant increase in the size of container ships over the past few years. The purpose of this article is to present some results of summarizing modern information on the architectural and structural features of large-capacity container ships with a container capacity of 10 to 20 thousand TEU, which is necessary for solving the problems of parametric design / performing verification of the hull's structural strength of such vessels. The article presents data on trends in the construction and ordering of container ships of various sizes around the world from 1960 to 2020. Statistical dependencies that link the displacement, deadweight, the number of containers transported, as well as the ratio of the main dimensions with the length of large-tonnage container vessels in the range of capacity 8800- 22,000 TEU are presented. The architectural and structural features of large-tonnage container ships in application to the layout of the cargo area, the size and shape of cargo holds are considered. The design features of the container ship's hull and their contributing factors are noted. The determining influence of container sizes on the formation of the geometry and structure of the ship's hull is indicated. The main problems that have to be addressed when designing the hull structures of large-tonnage container ships are identified.

Impact of the Insect Growth Regulator Pyriproxyfen on Immature Development, Fecundity, and Fertility of Aedes albopictus

ABSTRACT Aedes albopictus is a vector of several arboviruses; however, control of this day-active species is difficult with ultra-low-volume insecticide treatments applied at dusk/dawn periods. In the current laboratory study, blood-fed Ae. albopictus were exposed to Archer® (insect growth regulator AI: pyriproxyfen) residue in glass bottles (to approximate barrier treatment) and allowed to oviposit. Control mosquitoes were exposed to clean bottles. To evaluate potential dilution effects of water volume, mosquitoes were allowed to oviposit in (relatively) small (59 ml water) or large (177 ml water) containers. The extent to which fecundity (number of eggs laid), fertility rate (number of larvae hatched/number of eggs laid × 100), and emergence rate (number of adults emerged/number of larvae hatched × 100) differed between groups was characterized. In the control group, 18–21 (82–95%) mosquitoes laid eggs, while only 10–11 (45–50%) of mosquitoes in the pyriproxyfen group laid eggs. These sample sizes should be considered when comparing results to other studies. Significantly lower (P = 0.0008) fecundity was observed in mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen (mean ± SE) (small container: 25.2 ± 7.1, large container: 24.3 ± 7.1) compared to control mosquitoes (small container: 49.2 ± 7.8, large container: 52.7 ± 5.2). Regardless of treatment, no significant differences in fecundity were observed between mosquitoes allowed to oviposit in different-sized containers. Hatch rate was significantly lower in the pyriproxyfen group and was impacted by container size (P = 0.032) and treatment (P < 0.0001) (large, control: 61.9% ± 7.8; small, control: 38.0% ± 7.1; large, treated: 10.3% ± 2.4; small, treated: 2.9% ± 1.9). Adult emergence rates were not significantly impacted by treatment or container size. Pyriproxyfen applied as a barrier treatment may be an effective tool for controlling Ae. albopictus.