scholarly journals Sodium fluoracetate and fluoracetamide as ‘direct’ poisons for the control of rats in sewers

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Bentley ◽  
L. E. Hammond ◽  
A. H. Bathard ◽  
J. H. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Local Authority ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Early Stages

1. Field trials suggest that 3-monthly operations against rats in sewers using either 0·25% sodium fluoracetate or 2% fluoracetamide as a direct poison are more effective than 6-monthly treatments with 2·5% zinc phosphide or 10% arsenious oxide using the pre-baiting method.2. In six paired trials 2% fluoracetamide gave better results (an apparent 100% clearance in five instances) than 0·25% sodium fluoracetate.3. There is no evidence, at present, that direct poisoning treatments with 2% fluoracetamide or 0·25% sodium fluoracetate are improved by the addition of mould inhibiting substances to the bait.The work described above was made possible only by the co-operation of a large number of local authority councils and their staffs, to whom we are therefore much indebted. We wish to thank also, Mr J. D. Riley who gave considerable help during the early stages of the trials.

scholarly journals Laboratory and field evaluation of pyriminyl as a poison for Rattus norvegicus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-354
Author(s):  
B. D. Rentnison ◽  
R. Redfern ◽  
A. C. Dubock ◽  
J. E. Gill ◽  
C. G. J. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Commercial Use

SUMMARYLaboratory tests indicated that the optimum concentration for pyriminyl in rat baits was between 1% and 3%. In field trials in which 0·5% pyriminyl (the concentration in commercial use) was compared with 2·5% zinc phosphide for the control of rats on farms, the pyriminyl treatments were significantly less effective than the zinc phosphide even when the poisoned baits were left down for 7 days instead of 1 day after prebaiting. Both poisons were as effective in medium oatmeal bait as they were in medium oatmeal containing 5% corn oil and 5% sugar.

scholarly journals Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Rowe ◽  
T. Swinney ◽  
A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wild House Mice

SUMMARYThe performance of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane at 0.5% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3% in the same base in poison treatments carried out against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Each poison treatment was conducted for 1 day and after 3 days' pre-baiting. The success of the treatments was assessed from census baitings conducted before and after treatment. Treatment success varied considerably with both poisons used but in general 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane proved to be at least as effective as zinc phosphide, a commonly used acute rodenticide for the control of mice.

Efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos as rodenticides for the control of house mice in South Australian cereal crops

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Mutze ◽  
Ron Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Whole Wheat

Replicated field trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos for the control of house mice (Mus domesticus) infesting recently sown wheat crops in South Australia. Bait was prepared using whole-wheat grain or grain-based pellets and broadcast into the crops at 1 kg ha–1. Treatment with zinc phosphide reduced mouse numbers by 98%. Two treatments with strychnine baits, applied 11 days apart, also reduced mouse numbers by 98% with no evidence of bait aversion in mice that survived the initial treatment. On the basis of these and other published results, zinc phosphide is considered an effective alternative to strychnine for control of house mice in cereal crops. Chlorpyrifos baits reduced mouse numbers by less than 10%. The trial began too late in the growing season to prevent substantial mouse damage to seed grain and seedlings. The number of seedlings established at treatment time one month after sowing explained 84% of variation in crop yield. Mouse damage is estimated to have reduced yield by more than 0.5 t ha–1 or 15% of potential yield and cost the grower more than $30 000 in lost production from the 300-ha study area.

scholarly journals Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Rennison
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Wild Rats

Rattus norvegicus infestations on six farmsteads were poisoned with 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane and those on another six with 2.5% zinc phosphide. Both poisons were applied in pinhead oatmeal bait containing also 5% corn oil, after pre-baiting. The result of each treatment was assessed by comparing the take of pre-bait with that of a census bait (wheat) laid after the poisoning.The zinc phosphide treatments were generally more effective than those done with 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane, but the latter were somewhat detrimentally affected by cautious baiting on the part of one of the operators.The results are discussed and it is concluded that although they indicate that 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane may have approached zinc phosphide in effectiveness under the conditions of the trial, it would in most circumstances be significantly less effective and possibly less safe to use than the latter, well-tried poison.

scholarly journals Population dynamics of sewer rats

1953 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Barnett ◽  
A. H. Bathard
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
London Borough ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Census Figure ◽  
Rapid Restoration

1. The effects of poison treatments on the rat populations of two sample districts of heavily infested sewers in a London borough were studied.2. Each district had a maximum rat population represented by a census figure of about 10,000 g. wheat eaten per day, corresponding to at least 400 rats.3. Poison treatments after prebaiting, at intervals of 6 months, reduced the rat population of each district to less than 10% of the maximum. A rapid restoration of the population followed, and the level reached in 6 months was near the maximum.4. In both areas, direct poisoning with sodium monofluoroacetate ‘1080’ was as effective as a prebaiting treatment. Direct poisoning with zinc phosphide was relatively unsuccessful.5. When both areas received double treatments, consisting of direct poisoning with sodium monofluoroacetate followed by a prebaiting treatment, the estimated population of one district was reduced to about 3% of the maximum. In the other area, rain made the second poisoning ineffective.6. The rate at which the population was restored from the 3% level was even higher than the rates previously observed, and was probably too high to be accounted for solely by breeding. Evidently, invasion from the surface played a part.7. No relationship could be established between the estimated sewer rat population densities within each district, and the known sites of surface infestation.We are grateful to the Council and officers of the Borough in which the work was done, for unstinted help throughout the inquiry. We also owe thanks to H. V. Thompson for help in the early stages; to him and to Miss M. D. A. Lawrence for discussing the work during its progress; to Miss M. M. Spencer for help in the analysis of the records and in checking calculations; and to A. G. Jenson for mapping the districts and for drawing the figures.

scholarly journals Trials of the rodenticide pyriminil against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Rowe ◽  
T. Swinney ◽  
A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Wild House Mice ◽  
Family Groups

SUMMARYPen and field trials were conducted to assess the performance of the acute rodenticide pyriminil against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Four types of poison treatment were carried out using penned family groups of warfarin-resistant mice supplied with alternative plain foods. In each treatment pyriminil was included at 2% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait. Mortality was highest (46/54; 85·2%) when poison bait was offered for 4 days following 3 days of pre-baiting The same pre-baiting and poisoning technique was adopted in five field trials carried out against mice infesting farm building The efficacy of each poison treatment was estimated from the results of pre- and post-treatment census baitings; treatment success ranged between 53·7% and 96·7%, mean 80·5% It is concluded that pyriminil treatments are best carried out after a period of pre-baiting and that when pyriminil is used in this manner it is about as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice

scholarly journals Field trials of the rodenticide gophacide against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Rowe ◽  
T. Swinney ◽  
A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wild House Mice

The acute rodenticide gophacide was tested against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) and treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after each treatment. Seven of eight populations of mice living in premises where alternative food supplies were limited were successfully controlled when medium oatmeal bait containing gophacide at 0.1% was laid directly for 4 days. In further treatments against mice inhabiting more complex environments and having greater access to other foods, the performance of gophacide at 0.1% and at 0.25% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3.0% in the same bait-base. The poison treatments were conducted for 1 or 4 days and always after 3 days pre-baiting. Treatment success varied considerably irrespective of the type of treatment or of the poison used. In general, however, gophacide proved to be as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.

scholarly journals Some properties of fluoracetamide as a rodenticide

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Bentley ◽  
J. H. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Speed Of Onset

1. The average lethal dose of fluoracetamide for wild R. norvegicus was found to be 13 mg./kg. of body weight and the LD95, about 43 mg./kg.2. Wild rats offered bait contatining 0·5, 1 and 2% fluoracetamide, after a period of conditioning, seemed to find it palatable and, on the average, ingested the equivalent of 18–100 LD50's. Warning symptoms appeared in about an hour or longer and included short convulsive spasms.3. The speed of onset of warning symptoms leading to cessation of feeding was studied in albino rats dosed with the equivalent of 2 LD50's of sodium fluoracetate, zinc phosphide or fluoracetamide. Feeding ceased soonest in the case of sodium fluroacetate. Zinc phosphide gave very variable results, but it is thought that if wild rats had been used, feeding would have stopped nearly as soon as with sodium fluoracetate.4. It is considered that field trials to compare the efficiency of 1% flouracetamide and 2·5% zinc phosphide, both with ‘prebaiting’, would be well justified.5. Fluoracetamide at 2% may also prove to be a good alternative to 0·25% sodium fluoracetate as a ‘direct’ poison for controlling rats in sewers.We are indebted to Miss Y. Larthe and Miss E. J. Taylor who took part in the bioassay and in one of the experiments with the marked rats.

Spherulitic crystal growth in the prodissoconch larval of Crassostrea virginica

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
George G. Cocks ◽  
Louis Leibovitz ◽  
DoSuk D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Initial Deposition

Our understanding of the structure and the formation of inorganic minerals in the bivalve shells has been considerably advanced by the use of electron microscope. However, very little is known about the ultrastructure of valves in the larval stage of the oysters. The present study examines the developmental changes which occur between the time of conception to the early stages of Dissoconch in the Crassostrea virginica(Gmelin), focusing on the initial deposition of inorganic crystals by the oysters.The spawning was induced by elevating the temperature of the seawater where the adult oysters were conditioned. The eggs and sperm were collected separately, then immediately mixed for the fertilizations to occur. Fertilized animals were kept in the incubator where various stages of development were stopped and observed. The detailed analysis of the early stages of growth showed that CaCO3 crystals(aragonite), with orthorhombic crystal structure, are deposited as early as gastrula stage(Figuresla-b). The next stage in development, the prodissoconch, revealed that the crystal orientation is in the form of spherulites.

Formation of Dislocation Channels in Neutron Irradiated Molybdenum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
S. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Polycrystalline Molybdenum

The evolution of dislocation channels in irradiated metals during deformation can be envisaged to occur in three stages: (i) formation of embryonic cluster free regions, (ii) growth of these regions into microscopically observable channels and (iii) termination of their growth due to the accumulation of dislocation damage. The first two stages are particularly intriguing, and we have attempted to follow the early stages of channel formation in polycrystalline molybdenum, irradiated to 5×1019 n. cm−2 (E > 1 Mev) at the reactor ambient temperature (∼ 60°C), using transmission electron microscopy. The irradiated samples were strained, at room temperature, up to the macroscopic yield point.Figure 1 illustrates the early stages of channel formation. The observations suggest that the cluster free regions, such as A, B and C, form in isolated packets, which could subsequently link-up to evolve a channel.

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