Efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos as rodenticides for the control of house mice in South Australian cereal crops

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Mutze ◽  
Ron Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Whole Wheat

Replicated field trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos for the control of house mice (Mus domesticus) infesting recently sown wheat crops in South Australia. Bait was prepared using whole-wheat grain or grain-based pellets and broadcast into the crops at 1 kg ha–1. Treatment with zinc phosphide reduced mouse numbers by 98%. Two treatments with strychnine baits, applied 11 days apart, also reduced mouse numbers by 98% with no evidence of bait aversion in mice that survived the initial treatment. On the basis of these and other published results, zinc phosphide is considered an effective alternative to strychnine for control of house mice in cereal crops. Chlorpyrifos baits reduced mouse numbers by less than 10%. The trial began too late in the growing season to prevent substantial mouse damage to seed grain and seedlings. The number of seedlings established at treatment time one month after sowing explained 84% of variation in crop yield. Mouse damage is estimated to have reduced yield by more than 0.5 t ha–1 or 15% of potential yield and cost the grower more than $30 000 in lost production from the 300-ha study area.

scholarly journals Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Rowe ◽  
T. Swinney ◽  
A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wild House Mice

SUMMARYThe performance of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane at 0.5% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3% in the same base in poison treatments carried out against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Each poison treatment was conducted for 1 day and after 3 days' pre-baiting. The success of the treatments was assessed from census baitings conducted before and after treatment. Treatment success varied considerably with both poisons used but in general 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane proved to be at least as effective as zinc phosphide, a commonly used acute rodenticide for the control of mice.

Crop production in a rotation trial at Tarlee, South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Tiller Density

A crop rotation trial was established in 1977 on a hard-setting red-brown earth at Tarlee, South Australia, to monitor the long-term effect of intensive and traditional rotations on soil properties and crop production. The rotations involve wheat alternating with cereals, grain legumes, pasture, and fallow. There are 3 stubble + tillage treatments: remove stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + no tillage. Three rates of nitrogen (0,40, 80 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) are applied to the wheat. Grain yield varied with seasonal conditions, and water use efficiencies were up to 10 kg/ha. mm. In the more productive rotations, wheat grain yields expressed as a percentage of potential yield tended to increase over time. The best wheat yields were always in rotations that included a grain legume or legume pasture, with additional yield increases in all rotations coming from the use of N fertiliser. By comparison with rotation and N fertiliser effects, there was little effect of the stubble + tillage treatments on grain yield. Most of the yield variations were related to differences in tiller density or grains per ear, with grain weight remaining relatively constant over all seasons. There was a tendency for grain legume yields to decrease over the latter years of the trial, and this was attributed to the build-up of plant diseases through growing the same species on the same plot every second year. Overall, faba beans were the highest yielding grain legume, and the wheat-beans rotation, with 80 kg N/ha on the wheat, gave highest total grain production. Data for residue remaining after harvest indicate that in some years there is less than the desired minimum levels to give adequate protection against erosion, so any grazing of the residues must be carefully managed.

scholarly journals Trials of the rodenticide pyriminil against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Rowe ◽  
T. Swinney ◽  
A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Wild House Mice ◽  
Family Groups

SUMMARYPen and field trials were conducted to assess the performance of the acute rodenticide pyriminil against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Four types of poison treatment were carried out using penned family groups of warfarin-resistant mice supplied with alternative plain foods. In each treatment pyriminil was included at 2% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait. Mortality was highest (46/54; 85·2%) when poison bait was offered for 4 days following 3 days of pre-baiting The same pre-baiting and poisoning technique was adopted in five field trials carried out against mice infesting farm building The efficacy of each poison treatment was estimated from the results of pre- and post-treatment census baitings; treatment success ranged between 53·7% and 96·7%, mean 80·5% It is concluded that pyriminil treatments are best carried out after a period of pre-baiting and that when pyriminil is used in this manner it is about as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice

scholarly journals Field trials of the rodenticide gophacide against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Rowe ◽  
T. Swinney ◽  
A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wild House Mice

The acute rodenticide gophacide was tested against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) and treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after each treatment. Seven of eight populations of mice living in premises where alternative food supplies were limited were successfully controlled when medium oatmeal bait containing gophacide at 0.1% was laid directly for 4 days. In further treatments against mice inhabiting more complex environments and having greater access to other foods, the performance of gophacide at 0.1% and at 0.25% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3.0% in the same bait-base. The poison treatments were conducted for 1 or 4 days and always after 3 days pre-baiting. Treatment success varied considerably irrespective of the type of treatment or of the poison used. In general, however, gophacide proved to be as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.

Nitrogen content of wheat grain as as indication of potential yield response to nitrogen fertilizer

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Examination of results from a large number of experiments in the wheat growing areas of South Australia has shown a relation between grain yield response to nitrogen fertilizer and both grain nitrogen percentage and the ratio. (Yield of grain)/(Amount of nitrogen in grain and straw) of corresponding unfertilized wheat plants. With Gabo, large yield responses to nitrogen fertilizer were associated with grain nitrogen percentages of less than 2.0 per cent N (9.9 per cent protein). Above 2.3 per cent N (11.3 per cent protein) positive responses to nitrogen were small and some negative responses were found. Similar overall trend were shorn by Insignia 49, Sabre and Quadrat. Exponential regression equations were calculated for Gabo allowing prediction of grain yield response at rates up to 46 lb fertilizer N an acre under conditions which result in grain protein contents of 7.5 to 16 per cent. Most profitable rates of nitrogen fertilizer application were also calculated for several different fertilizer-grain price levels. Possible value of the nitrogen content of wheat grain in the selection of regions, soil types, and cultural practices where nitrogen fertilizer may be used is discussed.

The use of whole wheat grain in feeding of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
V. Khamitova ◽  
A. Osmanyan
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Economic Effectiveness ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat

An experiment has been conducted to determine the effectiveness of growing broiler chickens when whole wheat grain has been included in the compound feed. The purpose of the research was to develop an appropriate scheme and dose for feeding whole wheat grain depending on the age of broilers, while observing the normative content of metabolic energy and nutrients in the diets, and to determine the economic effectiveness of rearing of broilers. To determine the effectiveness, data on live weight, growth rate, livability, uniformity of broiler population by live weight and variability of live weight of chickens have been studied. In the course of the work, the livability, average daily gain, feed conversion, homogeneity and variability coefficients, and the productivity index have been calculated. An increase in the live weight of broilers, as well as the rate of growth in pre-slaughter age when using whole grains in poultry diets, as well as a decrease in feed consumption per unit of live weight gain has been revealed. In conclusion, the economic effectiveness of broiler meat production has determined when whole grain has been included in diets. The use of whole wheat grain as an additive to the main diet in broiler feeding allowed to increase profits and increase the level of profitability. It has been found as a result of research that it is advisable to add whole wheat grain to the main diet for broilers at the age of 8–14 days in an amount of 5 % of the feed weight, at the age of 15–21 days – 15 %, at the age of 22–28 days – 20 %, at the age of 21–29 days – 30 % of grain without reducing the overall nutritional value of the diet.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Degradation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicides in Vegetables

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Kateřina Hamouzová ◽  
Jana Hajšlová
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Small Plot

(1) Background: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates and cyclohexanediones are herbicides most widely used in dicot crops worldwide. The main objective of the study was to determine the dynamics of herbicide residues in carrot, lettuce, cauliflower, and onion in order to suggest a low level of residues in harvested vegetables. (2) Methods: Small plot field trials were carried out in four vegetables in the Czech Republic. The samples of vegetables were collected continuously during the growing season. Multiresidue methods for the determination of herbicide residues by LC-MS/MS were used. Non-linear models of degradation of individual herbicides in vegetables were calculated using the exponential decay formula. Action GAP pre-harvest intervals for the 25% and 50% maximum residue limit (MRL) and 10 µg kg−1 limit (baby food) were established for all tested herbicides. (3) Results: The degradation dynamics of fluazifop in carrot, onion, and cauliflower was significantly slower compared to quizalofop and haloxyfop. The highest amount (2796 µg kg−1) of fluazifop residues was detected in cauliflower 11 days after application. No residue of propaquizafop and cycloxydim was detected in any vegetable samples. (4) Conclusions: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide (except propaquizafop) could contaminate vegetables easily, especially vegetables with a short growing season. Vegetables treated with fluazifop are not suitable for baby food. Lettuce and cauliflower treated by quizalofop are not suitable for baby food, but in onion and carrot, quizalofop could be used. Propaquizafop and cycloxydim are prospective herbicides for non-residual (baby food) vegetable production.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Resource Effectiveness Change on Rice Potential Yield in Southern China

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Qing Ye ◽  
Xiaoguang Yang ◽  
Wenjuan Xie ◽  
Junmeng Yao ◽  
Zhe Cai
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Rice Growing Season

During the rice growing season, farmers’ decisions about cropping systems and seed varieties directly affect the utilization of heat resource, and eventually affect the potential yield. In this study, we used the hourly accumulated temperature model to calculate the available heat resource as well as the effective heat resource in southern China. We conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of the heat resource effectiveness during rice growing season and an impact assessment of heat resource effectiveness on rice potential yield and cereal yield reduction. The results showed that, during the period of 1951–2015, heat resource effectiveness generally declined in the rice cropping area of southern China. And this decrease worsened during the most recent three decades compared with the period of 1951–1980. A strong correlation was detected between heat resource effectiveness and rice potential yield in the study area. When the effective heat resource during the growing season increased by 1 °C·d, rice potential yield would increase by 14 kg ha−1. For each percentage increase in heat resource effectiveness, the rice potential yield reduction rate would go down by 0.65%. This agro-climatological study aims to offer a scientific basis for rice production decisions in southern China, such as when to plant, which varieties to choose and so on.

Applications of the herbicide sethoxydim increase wheat yield in the absence of weeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
ID Black ◽  
CB Dyson ◽  
AR Fischle
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Area North

In 11 experiments over 6 seasons the herbicide sethoxydim was applied to Machete, Spear and Blade wheat cultivars in the absence or near absence of weeds (10 sites) or where the weeds were controlled by selective herbicides (1 site), in the cropping area north of Adelaide, South Australia. The rates applied included 9-47 g a.i./ha at the 2-3 leaf growth stage and 9-74 g a.i./ha at early tillering. Except for the very long growing season of 1992, there was a highly significant positive linear correlation between the number of degree days in the growing season at each experimental site and relative mean yield increase of these sethoxydim treatments. Yield increases ranged from nil in growing seasons of about 1000 degree days to 32% in a growing season of 1480 degree days, with a median of 8% over the experiments.

scholarly journals Sodium fluoracetate and fluoracetamide as ‘direct’ poisons for the control of rats in sewers

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Bentley ◽  
L. E. Hammond ◽  
A. H. Bathard ◽  
J. H. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Local Authority ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Early Stages

1. Field trials suggest that 3-monthly operations against rats in sewers using either 0·25% sodium fluoracetate or 2% fluoracetamide as a direct poison are more effective than 6-monthly treatments with 2·5% zinc phosphide or 10% arsenious oxide using the pre-baiting method.2. In six paired trials 2% fluoracetamide gave better results (an apparent 100% clearance in five instances) than 0·25% sodium fluoracetate.3. There is no evidence, at present, that direct poisoning treatments with 2% fluoracetamide or 0·25% sodium fluoracetate are improved by the addition of mould inhibiting substances to the bait.The work described above was made possible only by the co-operation of a large number of local authority councils and their staffs, to whom we are therefore much indebted. We wish to thank also, Mr J. D. Riley who gave considerable help during the early stages of the trials.

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