scholarly journals Some properties of fluoracetamide as a rodenticide

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Bentley ◽  
J. H. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Speed Of Onset

1. The average lethal dose of fluoracetamide for wild R. norvegicus was found to be 13 mg./kg. of body weight and the LD95, about 43 mg./kg.2. Wild rats offered bait contatining 0·5, 1 and 2% fluoracetamide, after a period of conditioning, seemed to find it palatable and, on the average, ingested the equivalent of 18–100 LD50's. Warning symptoms appeared in about an hour or longer and included short convulsive spasms.3. The speed of onset of warning symptoms leading to cessation of feeding was studied in albino rats dosed with the equivalent of 2 LD50's of sodium fluoracetate, zinc phosphide or fluoracetamide. Feeding ceased soonest in the case of sodium fluroacetate. Zinc phosphide gave very variable results, but it is thought that if wild rats had been used, feeding would have stopped nearly as soon as with sodium fluoracetate.4. It is considered that field trials to compare the efficiency of 1% flouracetamide and 2·5% zinc phosphide, both with ‘prebaiting’, would be well justified.5. Fluoracetamide at 2% may also prove to be a good alternative to 0·25% sodium fluoracetate as a ‘direct’ poison for controlling rats in sewers.We are indebted to Miss Y. Larthe and Miss E. J. Taylor who took part in the bioassay and in one of the experiments with the marked rats.

scholarly journals Some laboratory observations on the toxicity and acceptability of norbormide to wild Rattus norvegicus and on feeding behaviour associated with sublethal dosing

1966 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Median Lethal Dose ◽  
Wild Rats

The median lethal dose of orally administered norbormide for wild Rattus norvegicus found to be 9·0 mg./kg. of body weight and the LD 95 about 17·0 mg./kg.In tests in which various concentrations of norbormide or zine phosphide were added to the food of individually caged wild rats, mortality increased with concentration of poison, though more slowly with norbormide than with zine phosphide. The mortality that occurred among rats offered a choice between unpoisoned food and the same food with added norbormide or zinc phosphide indicates that in control treatments in the field the optimum concentration of norbormide in bait would be about 0·;5% and that this might be expected to give results comparable with those obtainable with 2·;5% or 5·0% zine phosphide. Other methods of estimating suitable field strengths indicate that concentrations of norbormide higher than 0·;5% may be preferable.Some animals that survived exposure to a choice of plain food and the same Food poisoned with norbormide or zine phosphide at field concentrations avoided mating lethal amounts by reacting to the taste of the poison. Others learned to use the taste of the food, not that of the poison as a cue and later avoided eating the food when it contained no poison.When either poison was presented to rats in the more palatable of two foods in the choice situation mortality was relatively high. Some of the surviving animals subsequently rejected the more palatable food in preference to the normally less palatable alternative.

THE ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF SPIRAMYCIN

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Usual Therapeutic Dose ◽  
Tunica Propria

Spiramycin was administered as a suspension by stomach tube in a range of doses to 46 young male albino rats, with 16 controls, and to 14 small mongrel bitches, with eight controls. The oral acute LD50 was found to be 9.4 ± 0.8 g. (mean ± S.D.) per kg. body weight in rats and 5.2 ± 1.6 g. per kg. body weight in dogs. From these values, the oral acute LD50 in man was estimated to be of the order of 1 to 2 g. per kg. body weight or 20 to 40 times the usual therapeutic dose. The clinical effects of these acutely toxic oral doses in rats and dogs were anorexia, vomiting (dogs only), diarrhea, and lassitude, progressing to prostration, pallor, a fall in body temperature, cessation of respiration, and death usually within 48 hours. At autopsy the stomach and intestines were distended with gas and liquid, the tunica propria and submucosa were acutely congested, and there was excessive necrosis and desquamation of the surface epithelium. Areas of acute necrosis were found in the hepatic cells and sinusoids of the liver, and in the (mostly distal) convoluted tubules of the kidney. The cause of death, therefore, was an acute fulminating gastroenteritis accompanied by acute regional necrosis of the liver and kidneys, produced by the orally administered lethal dose of spiramycin.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Histopathological Effect of Detarium microcarpum Stem Bark Extract in Wistar Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abubakar Bilyamini Mu’azu ◽  
Yusif Bello Baba ◽  
Adamu Idris Matinja
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cardiac Muscle Cells ◽  
Hepatocellular Necrosis ◽  
Detarium Microcarpum ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Histopathological Studies

Aim: In this study, the methanol stem bark extract of Detarium microcarpum was evaluated for sub-chronic, biochemical and histopathological studies. Methodology: Sub-chronic toxicity studies was investigated in rats administered with 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg doses of the extract orally for 28 days using standard laboratory procedures after the acute toxicity was carried out. Results: The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be equal to (≥) 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats orally. Serological studies revealed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at all doses tested, while at 140 mg/kg it caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). At doses of 70 and 140 mg/kg there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in creatinine level. Histopathological studies on the liver showed moderate hepatocellular necrosis at doses of 35 and 70 mg/kg, while at 140 mg/kg there was intense hepatocellular necrosis,  Kupffer cells and lymphocytes hyperplasia. The Kidney showed intense necrosis of tubules and glomerular necrosis with lymphocytes hyperplasia at all doses tested.  The spleen also showed intense lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses with sinusoidal congestion at the lowest dose of 35 mg/kg. The heart showed slight necrosis of cardiac muscle cells at all doses with blood congestion at 35 and 70mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: The study indicates that prolong use of the extract in the management of disease conditions may be associated with some adverse effect of some vital organs.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Assessment of the methanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa Bark in Male Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Jamila Saleh ◽  
◽  
Funsho Olowoniyi ◽  
Ekpa Emmanuel ◽  
Abdulrahman Abdullateef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Doses

Throughout the history of man, traditional and herbal method of treatment of diseases has been used without considering the dose effect. Therefore, this present study is an attempt on investigating the effect of different doses of Annona squamosa methanolic leaf extract on male wistar Rats especially the delicate organs. The work involves oral administration of different doses (10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/kg body weight) of the extract to groups of rats according to Lorkes method. The animals were monitored for 30 days at every 24 hours interval in order to find the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract. Internal organ-body weight ratios (OBR) of animals in the test groups were determined and compared with those of the control group. LD50 was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg body weight without any significant decrease (p>0.05) in body weight. Biochemical analysis of Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Albumin and globulin of animals administered with extract showed no significant difference compared to the control groups (p>0.05) but concentration of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) indicated obvious changes in the treated groups compared to the control groups (p<0.05). Histopathology of the kidney revealed some inflammation at 1000, 1600, and 5000 mg/kg body weight. The implications of using this extract within safe doses in traditional medicine is hereby discussed

scholarly journals Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Rennison
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Wild Rats

Rattus norvegicus infestations on six farmsteads were poisoned with 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane and those on another six with 2.5% zinc phosphide. Both poisons were applied in pinhead oatmeal bait containing also 5% corn oil, after pre-baiting. The result of each treatment was assessed by comparing the take of pre-bait with that of a census bait (wheat) laid after the poisoning.The zinc phosphide treatments were generally more effective than those done with 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane, but the latter were somewhat detrimentally affected by cautious baiting on the part of one of the operators.The results are discussed and it is concluded that although they indicate that 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane may have approached zinc phosphide in effectiveness under the conditions of the trial, it would in most circumstances be significantly less effective and possibly less safe to use than the latter, well-tried poison.

THE ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF SPIRAMYCIN

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Usual Therapeutic Dose ◽  
Tunica Propria

Spiramycin was administered as a suspension by stomach tube in a range of doses to 46 young male albino rats, with 16 controls, and to 14 small mongrel bitches, with eight controls. The oral acute LD50 was found to be 9.4 ± 0.8 g. (mean ± S.D.) per kg. body weight in rats and 5.2 ± 1.6 g. per kg. body weight in dogs. From these values, the oral acute LD50 in man was estimated to be of the order of 1 to 2 g. per kg. body weight or 20 to 40 times the usual therapeutic dose. The clinical effects of these acutely toxic oral doses in rats and dogs were anorexia, vomiting (dogs only), diarrhea, and lassitude, progressing to prostration, pallor, a fall in body temperature, cessation of respiration, and death usually within 48 hours. At autopsy the stomach and intestines were distended with gas and liquid, the tunica propria and submucosa were acutely congested, and there was excessive necrosis and desquamation of the surface epithelium. Areas of acute necrosis were found in the hepatic cells and sinusoids of the liver, and in the (mostly distal) convoluted tubules of the kidney. The cause of death, therefore, was an acute fulminating gastroenteritis accompanied by acute regional necrosis of the liver and kidneys, produced by the orally administered lethal dose of spiramycin.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMISTRY, TOXICITY AND EFFICACY OF CRUDE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CARICA PAPAYA LEAF AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
A. A. Biu ◽  
L. B. Buratai ◽  
A. A. Ahmed ◽  
I. U. Hambali ◽  
S. I. Ngulde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Crude Aqueous Extract

The aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaf was evaluated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal efficacy in this study. A total of 15 albino rats grouped into 5(A-E) of 3 rats each were intraperitoneally treated with graded doses of 100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extract and observed for 24 hours for clinical signs and death. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) was 600mg/kg body weight, with clinical signs of sluggishness, awkward pasture, loss of appetite, starry hair coat and terminal death within 24 hours. Severity of clinical signs varied with increasing doses. The in vitro antitrypanosomal efficacy of the aqueous extract showed 100% inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei at concentrations of 40mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 2.5mg/ml respectively. In conclusion the aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf has bioactive components that are moderately toxic and has trypanosomal inhibitory activity.

scholarly journals Toxicological implications of Margaritaria discoidea aqueous seed extract on Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity, glucose and serum electrolytes level in wistar rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Chimaraoke Onyeabo ◽  
Polycarp Nnacheta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Dose Dependent

The effect of aqueous seed extract of Margaritaria discoidea on Na+ K+ ATPase activity and toxicity studies of its seed extract were investigated in albino rats. The study involved oral administration of different doses of the aqueous extract to groups of male albino rats at 25, 50,100, and 200mg/kg body weight resulted in significant (p<0.05) decrease in sodium, potassium and glucose levels while chloride and calcium ions showed a significant (p<0.05) increase relative to control. The seed extract also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Na+ K+ ATPase specific activity in a dose dependent manner relative to control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of this extract in mice was established at 316.2mg/kg body weight using probit of mortality. The results showed that the acute toxicity potency of the aqueous extract of the seeds was practically non-toxic. The study showed that seeds of Margaritaria discoidea could be toxic if not consumed in moderate quantities.

scholarly journals Antidiabetic and antiulcerative potential of Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. bark

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilutpal Sharma Bora ◽  
Partha Sarathi Bairy ◽  
Abdus Salam ◽  
Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. has been used by many ethnic communities of Northeast India to mitigate various disorders like dyspepsia, ulcers, diabetes, etc. However, a robust scientific study on its antidiabetic and antiulcer potential is unavailable till date. The aim of this present study is to scientifically validate if the antidiabetic and antiulcer effects reported by the ethnic tribes of Assam has any scientific value or not. The effects were tested in adult Wistar albino rats using approved animal models for preclinical testing of pharmacological activities. Results The hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. was prepared and its LD50 was calculated. The LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract at doses of 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight was found to exhibit a very potent dose-dependent antidiabetic activity. The results were backed by a battery of test including analysis of serum levels of blood glucose, lipid profiles, in vivo antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological studies. Evidence of dose-dependent antiulcer activity of the extract was backed by robust scientific data. It was found that HAEGL induced a significant dose-dependent increase in the ulcer index in both alcohol-induced and acetic acid-induced ulcer models, which was evident from the macroscopic observation of the inner lining of the gastric mucosa and the histological evaluation of the extracted stomach. Conclusion The results suggested that the bark of Garcinia lanceifolia (Roxb.) has significant antidiabetic and antiulcer potential. Further studies with respect to the development herbal dosage forms and its safety evaluation are required.

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