scholarly journals Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak

1965 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis F. de Salles-Gomes ◽  
Juan J. Angulo ◽  
Ernaldo Menezes ◽  
Vinicio A. Zamith
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Hospital Ward ◽  
First Case

A variola minor outbreak in a 36-bed hospital-ward comprised seven cases of overt variola after the first case. Clinical and epidemiological findings were typical, seven of the eight cases of overt variola being confirmed by virus isolation or antibody titrations. In addition, thirteen definite and seven possible instances of subclinical variola were deduced from complement-fixation or haemagglutination-inhibition tests. A discussion is made of the validity of serological criteria of variolous and vaccinial infections.

scholarly journals Serological tests for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens and turkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. W. Jordan ◽  
P. Kulasegaram
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Metabolic Inhibition ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Gel Method

SUMMARYA comparison was undertaken of several serological tests in determining the response of chickens and turkeys experimentally infected with the A 514 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.After a single intratracheal inoculation of chickens with a culture of the organism, the highest titres were obtained by the indirect complement fixation (ICF) test, followed by the tube agglutination (TA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), slide agglutination (SA) and metabolic inhibition (MI) tests. By all these tests positive titres were observed within the first week and peak titres between the first and second weeks. At 5 months there was no positive reaction by the ICF test but most chickens gave positive readings by the TA, HI and SA tests for at least 14 months after infection, but turkey sera became negative by all tests after 3 months.A disadvantage of the ICF test was that sera up to a dilution of 1/8 and 1/16 for chicken and turkey respectively were anticomplementary, and in turkeys this masked the ICF titre, which presumably was low following one intratracheal inoculation. Titres in turkeys with the TA, HI and SA tests followed the pattern seen with chickens and were generally lower than those found by other workers probably because of the avirulent nature of the inoculum used.The WB test was the least sensitive of the agglutination tests but is useful as a flock test which can be undertaken on the farm.The MI test gave the lowest titres of all and antibodies could be detected for only 4 months following one intratracheal inoculation. Even with serum prepared by multiple inoculations in chickens the titre was never higher than 1/32 compared with 1/1024 for serum similarly prepared in rabbits.Precipitins were detected by the agar gel method in the sera of chickens and turkeys after two intratracheal inoculations but in only some of the chickens and none of the turkeys after one inoculation.By all tests higher titres were observed with chicken than turkey sera and antibodies persisted for a longer time.Re-infection of chickens when antibodies to the initial infection had become low, and of turkeys when antibodies were no longer detectable, gave rise to an anamnestic response with titres which were higher than before.Antiserum to M. gallisepticum prepared in chickens is comparable with that prepared in rabbits except for low titres by the MI test.

scholarly journals Epidemics of two Victoria and Yamagata influenza B lineages in Yamagata, Japan

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. MIZUTA ◽  
T. ITAGAKI ◽  
C. ABIKO ◽  
T. MURATA ◽  
T. TAKAHASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
Effective Public Health

We attempted to predict epidemics of influenza B, focusing on B/Victoria/2/87-like (V) and B/Yamagata/16/88-like (Y) lineages, in Yamagata, Japan. We collected 9624 nasopharyngeal swabs for virus isolation from patients with respiratory infections between 1996 and 2003 and 237 sera for seroepidemiological analysis by haemagglutination–inhibition test in 2001. We isolated 424 V-lineage and 246 Y-lineage viruses during the study period. Three herald viruses in the 2000–2001 season enabled us to predict a V-lineage epidemic in the following season. However, another V-lineage epidemic occurred in the 2002–2003 season, although we caught four herald Y-lineage viruses, whose antigenic drift was suggested by seroepidemiological study, at the end of the previous season. Since the epidemiology of the two influenza B lineages remains unclear, a careful watch should be kept on these lineages in order to provide effective public-health strategies against future epidemics.

scholarly journals The influenze virus flocculation reaction as a method of antigenic typing

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Belyavin
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Virus Strains

The influenza virus serum flocculation previously reported (Belyavin, 1955) opened up a number of lines of investigation. One of obvious importance was extension of the reaction to other viruses belonging to both related and unrelated groups. Indeed, other workers in this laboratory have already achieved the flocculation of poliomyelitis viruses by specific antisera (Smith, Sheffield, Lee & Churcher, 1956) and flocculation of both mumps and Newcastle disease viruses is now reported in this communication. The ease with which the viruses of the mumps-influenza group can be flocculated by homologous rabbit antisera suggested that the technique may be applicable as a method of antigenic analysis. If so, it would have the advantage of being much simpler than the standard haemagglutination inhibition and complement-fixation tests. The exploration of this possibility forms the basis of this paper. A large-scale antigenic survey involving numerous virus strains has not been attempted, greater emphasis being placed on the examination of techniques and their applicability to the end in view. The investigation has also revealed new phenomena peculiar to the direct virus flocculation reaction.

scholarly journals A controlled trial of inactivated monovalent influenza A vaccines in general practice

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène J. Mair ◽  
D. A. W. Sansome ◽  
Hilary E. Tillett
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYA trial of influenza A vaccines in general practice is described. Five hundred and seven subjects were vaccinated with either inactivated monovalent A/Hong Kong vaccine, A/England vaccine or influenza B vaccine as control. Local reactions were noted in 24% and general reactions in 12% of patients. Antibody titres in serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) tests in 465 subjects. The influenza vaccines produced substantial increases in both homologous and heterologous antibodies as measured by the HI test and a comparatively poor response as measured by the CF test. Although clinical influenza was confirmed in only a few cases, there was serological evidence of significant subclinical infection in the control group.

scholarly journals Para-influenza 2 virus infections in adult volunteers

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Taylor-Robinson ◽  
M. L. Bynoe
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Adult Volunteers

Twenty-eight adult volunteers were inoculated intranasally with para influenza 2 virus and eight developed illnesses; twenty-eight volunteers were given flanks' saline and one became ill. The illnesses occurred in volunteers given between 2 × 104 and 2 × 106 TCD 50 of virus. The most prominent symptoms were sore throat, nasal stuffiness and coryza; four of the eight volunteers had sufficient coryza to be regarded as having mild colds. Although only eight volunteers had clinical evidence of infection, twenty-four had laboratory evidence of infection as judged by virus re-isolation or antibody response. Neutralization, haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests on paired sera showed that sixteen individuals had a fourfold or greater antibody response by one or more tests including five of the eight volunteers who were ill. Twenty volunteers, including seven who were ill, had reciprocal neutralizing antibody titres of eight or more before inoculation of virus so it seems that the illnesses were due to re infection in the presence of antibody. Evidence is presented which suggests that although illnesses occurred in the presence of antibody they were due to the para influenza 2 virus and not some other agent in the inoculum. The results of these experiments seem to fulifi the third of Koch's postulates for para-influenza 2 virus as a cause of respiratory disease in adults.We wish to thank Dr P. A. J. Tyrreil for his advice during the course of this work and in the preparation of the manuscript. We also thank Dr K. V. Shah (The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.) for help in some of the early experiments and Miss B. Ridgwell for valuable technical assistance.

scholarly journals The HI test modified by ether treatment in the sero-epidemiological surveillance of influenza B

1985 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pyhälä ◽  
M. Kleemola ◽  
R. Visakorpi
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Level ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Ether Treatment

SUMMARYEther-treated influenza B haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antigen was used in a study of serum collections from three different epidemic seasons.For diagnostic purposes, ether treatment increased the efficacy of the HI test by about 50 % over the conventional HI technique, raising it to the same level of sensitivity as the complement fixation (CF) test. The treatment reduced the specificity of the HI test, but its reliability in the diagnosis of influenza B infections was only slightly diminished. With regard to evaluation of the immune status of a given population, an HI test using ether-treated antigen from the epidemic influenza B strain seems to give more relevant information about the antibody level associated with protection than a conventional HI test using untreated virus antigen.

STUDIES ON HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. W. M. Schuurs ◽  
E. de Jager ◽  
J. D. H. Homan
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Starch Gel

ABSTRACT Preparations of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) with varying degrees of homogeneity were investigated immunochemically. The preparations were compared qualitatively by combined starch gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agar, and, quantitatively by haemagglutination inhibition and by complement fixation reactions. The components present in pure HCG preparations which differed in electrophoretic mobilities, in N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) content and in biological potencies, appeared to be immunochemically identical. This implies that results of immunochemical and biological estimations need not correlate with each other. This finding is compared with relevant data in the literature. It is proposed to use the 2nd International Standard for HCG for both immunochemical and biological estimations, but, because of the fundamental difference between the results of the two types of estimations, to express the immunochemically determined values in »International Immunochemical Units« (IIU).

scholarly journals ANTIGENIC RELATEDNESS OF SELECTED FLAVIVIRUSES: STUDY WITH HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNE MOUSE ASCITIC FLUIDS

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. BABA ◽  
A.H. FAGBAMI ◽  
O.D. OLALEYE
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Relationship ◽  
Serological Relationship ◽  
Immune Mouse ◽  
Antigenic Relatedness ◽  
Relationship Of

The antigenic relationship of 9 flaviviruses, Yellow fever (YF) , Wesselsbron (WSL) , Uganda S (UGS) , Potiskum (POT), West Nile (WN) , Banzi (BAN) , Zika (ZK) , Dengue type 1 (DEN-1) and Dengue type 2 (DEN-2), was assessed by cross-haemagglutination-inhibition (Cross-HI) and cross-complement fixation (Cross-CF) reactions between each of the viruses and their homologous immune mouse ascitic fluids. Titre ratios were calculated using the heterologous and homologous titres. Cross-CF reactions revealed wider antigenic variations among viruses than Cross-HI reactions. There was no significant antigenic variation between WSL, POT and YF viruses using either of those methods. However, definite differences in antigenicity were observed between them and UGS, BAN and ZK viruses. There were no significant differences between UGS, BAN and ZK or between DEN-1 and DEN-2. The serological relationship among flaviviruses is important in establishing diagnosis and epidemiology of these infections in Africa.

scholarly journals Wild boar offal as a probable source of Aujeszky’s disease virus for hunting dogs in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz ◽  
Andrzej Lipowski ◽  
Anna Kycko ◽  
Bartosz Sell ◽  
Michał Ziółkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
First Case ◽  
Aujeszky's Disease ◽  
Aujeszky’S Disease

AbstractIntroduction: Aujeszky’s disease (AD), most often related to infection of domestic and feral swine, may also concern other mammals, including dogs. The disease in carnivores, related to consumption of raw meat or offal contaminated with AD virus, is manifested by severe neurological disorders and inevitably leads to animal’s death.Material and Methods: Karelian bear dog was euthanised due to nervous symptoms that started two days after participation in wild boar hunting. After exclusion of rabies the dog’s carcass was subjected to standard necropsy. Tissue samples were collected for histological examination. Samples of the brain were tested for ADV by real-time PCR and virus isolation. Samples of the liver were collected for toxicological examination.Results: The presence of ADV was confirmed by real-time PCR and virus isolation. Toxicological examination revealed anticoagulant poisoning. This is the first case of Aujeszky’s disease (AD) in a hunting dog in Poland after exposure to ADV from offal of wild boar.Conclusion: This infection should be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis of syndromes of neurological disorders in dogs. Since AD is found in both domestic pigs and wild boar in Poland, special care must be taken to prevent spread of infection to other species.

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