scholarly journals The HI test modified by ether treatment in the sero-epidemiological surveillance of influenza B

1985 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pyhälä ◽  
M. Kleemola ◽  
R. Visakorpi
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Level ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Ether Treatment

SUMMARYEther-treated influenza B haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antigen was used in a study of serum collections from three different epidemic seasons.For diagnostic purposes, ether treatment increased the efficacy of the HI test by about 50 % over the conventional HI technique, raising it to the same level of sensitivity as the complement fixation (CF) test. The treatment reduced the specificity of the HI test, but its reliability in the diagnosis of influenza B infections was only slightly diminished. With regard to evaluation of the immune status of a given population, an HI test using ether-treated antigen from the epidemic influenza B strain seems to give more relevant information about the antibody level associated with protection than a conventional HI test using untreated virus antigen.

scholarly journals A controlled trial of inactivated monovalent influenza A vaccines in general practice

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène J. Mair ◽  
D. A. W. Sansome ◽  
Hilary E. Tillett
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYA trial of influenza A vaccines in general practice is described. Five hundred and seven subjects were vaccinated with either inactivated monovalent A/Hong Kong vaccine, A/England vaccine or influenza B vaccine as control. Local reactions were noted in 24% and general reactions in 12% of patients. Antibody titres in serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) tests in 465 subjects. The influenza vaccines produced substantial increases in both homologous and heterologous antibodies as measured by the HI test and a comparatively poor response as measured by the CF test. Although clinical influenza was confirmed in only a few cases, there was serological evidence of significant subclinical infection in the control group.

scholarly journals Antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: specific antibody is concentrated on the fetal side of the circulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Griffiths ◽  
S. I. Berney ◽  
S. Argent ◽  
R. B. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus

SUMMARYPaired maternal and cord sera from 100 pregnancies were tested for antibodies against herpes simplex virus, measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus by complement fixation and for antibodies against rubella virus, influenza A virus and influenza B virus by haemagglutination-inhibition. For four viruses (herpes simplex, measles, respiratory syncytial and rubella) higher levels of antibody were found in cord than in maternal sera. There was no difference between maternal and cord serum titres against influenza B virus but significantly higher levels of antibody against influenza A virus were found in maternal sera than in cord sera. This discrepancy was investigated by measuring antibodies against the surface antigens of influenza A by a complement fixation technique, and by single radial haemolysis. Both methods showed a preponderance of virus-specific antibody in cord sera. We conclude that IgG antibodies against most, if not all, viruses are concentrated on the fetal side of the circulation, but that conventional haemagglutination-inhibition techniques may fail to detect this difference.

Diagnosis of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis by a Simple Spinal Fluid Gel Precipitation Test for Measles

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136
Author(s):  
Dale E. Dietzman ◽  
Luiz Horta-Barbosa ◽  
Helen M. Krebs ◽  
David L. Madden ◽  
David A. Fuccillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Reliable Procedure ◽  
Precipitation Test

A double-diffusion gel precipitation test is described which provides an easy, rapid, and reliable procedure for assistance in the diagnosis of subacute sclerosing penencephalitis by detecting measles antibody in concentrated cerebrospinal fluid. The test is based on the precipitation of rubeola antibodies with a high titered SSPE measles-virus antigen. The sensitivity of the test is comparable to the sensitivity of rubeola complement-fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition determinations on unconcentrated spiral fluid. The method could be available to hospitals or institutions if the antigen were prepared commercially or by a national center.

scholarly journals Haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against influenza A and influenza B in maternal and neonatal sera

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Masurel ◽  
J. I. de Bruijne ◽  
H. A. Beuningh ◽  
H. J. A. Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Duration Of Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

SUMMARYHaemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against the influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) and B/Nederland/77/66 were determined in 420 paired sera from mothers and newborns (umbilical cord sera), sampled in 1970–1.A higher concentration of antibodies against influenza A virus was found more frequently in neonatal than in maternal sera. By contrast, low titres against influenza B virus were more frequently observed in neonatal than in maternal sera. Maternal age, duration of pregnancy, and birth-weight did not affect the results of the tests.It is suggested that the titre of the newborn against an epidemic influenza virus can be predicted from that of the mother. Furthermore, the maternal titre may be an indication of the susceptibility of the newborn infant to influenza infections.

scholarly journals Serological tests for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens and turkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. W. Jordan ◽  
P. Kulasegaram
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Metabolic Inhibition ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Gel Method

SUMMARYA comparison was undertaken of several serological tests in determining the response of chickens and turkeys experimentally infected with the A 514 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.After a single intratracheal inoculation of chickens with a culture of the organism, the highest titres were obtained by the indirect complement fixation (ICF) test, followed by the tube agglutination (TA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), slide agglutination (SA) and metabolic inhibition (MI) tests. By all these tests positive titres were observed within the first week and peak titres between the first and second weeks. At 5 months there was no positive reaction by the ICF test but most chickens gave positive readings by the TA, HI and SA tests for at least 14 months after infection, but turkey sera became negative by all tests after 3 months.A disadvantage of the ICF test was that sera up to a dilution of 1/8 and 1/16 for chicken and turkey respectively were anticomplementary, and in turkeys this masked the ICF titre, which presumably was low following one intratracheal inoculation. Titres in turkeys with the TA, HI and SA tests followed the pattern seen with chickens and were generally lower than those found by other workers probably because of the avirulent nature of the inoculum used.The WB test was the least sensitive of the agglutination tests but is useful as a flock test which can be undertaken on the farm.The MI test gave the lowest titres of all and antibodies could be detected for only 4 months following one intratracheal inoculation. Even with serum prepared by multiple inoculations in chickens the titre was never higher than 1/32 compared with 1/1024 for serum similarly prepared in rabbits.Precipitins were detected by the agar gel method in the sera of chickens and turkeys after two intratracheal inoculations but in only some of the chickens and none of the turkeys after one inoculation.By all tests higher titres were observed with chicken than turkey sera and antibodies persisted for a longer time.Re-infection of chickens when antibodies to the initial infection had become low, and of turkeys when antibodies were no longer detectable, gave rise to an anamnestic response with titres which were higher than before.Antiserum to M. gallisepticum prepared in chickens is comparable with that prepared in rabbits except for low titres by the MI test.

scholarly journals Epidemics of two Victoria and Yamagata influenza B lineages in Yamagata, Japan

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. MIZUTA ◽  
T. ITAGAKI ◽  
C. ABIKO ◽  
T. MURATA ◽  
T. TAKAHASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
Effective Public Health

We attempted to predict epidemics of influenza B, focusing on B/Victoria/2/87-like (V) and B/Yamagata/16/88-like (Y) lineages, in Yamagata, Japan. We collected 9624 nasopharyngeal swabs for virus isolation from patients with respiratory infections between 1996 and 2003 and 237 sera for seroepidemiological analysis by haemagglutination–inhibition test in 2001. We isolated 424 V-lineage and 246 Y-lineage viruses during the study period. Three herald viruses in the 2000–2001 season enabled us to predict a V-lineage epidemic in the following season. However, another V-lineage epidemic occurred in the 2002–2003 season, although we caught four herald Y-lineage viruses, whose antigenic drift was suggested by seroepidemiological study, at the end of the previous season. Since the epidemiology of the two influenza B lineages remains unclear, a careful watch should be kept on these lineages in order to provide effective public-health strategies against future epidemics.

scholarly journals The influenze virus flocculation reaction as a method of antigenic typing

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Belyavin
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Virus Strains

The influenza virus serum flocculation previously reported (Belyavin, 1955) opened up a number of lines of investigation. One of obvious importance was extension of the reaction to other viruses belonging to both related and unrelated groups. Indeed, other workers in this laboratory have already achieved the flocculation of poliomyelitis viruses by specific antisera (Smith, Sheffield, Lee & Churcher, 1956) and flocculation of both mumps and Newcastle disease viruses is now reported in this communication. The ease with which the viruses of the mumps-influenza group can be flocculated by homologous rabbit antisera suggested that the technique may be applicable as a method of antigenic analysis. If so, it would have the advantage of being much simpler than the standard haemagglutination inhibition and complement-fixation tests. The exploration of this possibility forms the basis of this paper. A large-scale antigenic survey involving numerous virus strains has not been attempted, greater emphasis being placed on the examination of techniques and their applicability to the end in view. The investigation has also revealed new phenomena peculiar to the direct virus flocculation reaction.

scholarly journals Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak

1965 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis F. de Salles-Gomes ◽  
Juan J. Angulo ◽  
Ernaldo Menezes ◽  
Vinicio A. Zamith
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Hospital Ward ◽  
First Case

A variola minor outbreak in a 36-bed hospital-ward comprised seven cases of overt variola after the first case. Clinical and epidemiological findings were typical, seven of the eight cases of overt variola being confirmed by virus isolation or antibody titrations. In addition, thirteen definite and seven possible instances of subclinical variola were deduced from complement-fixation or haemagglutination-inhibition tests. A discussion is made of the validity of serological criteria of variolous and vaccinial infections.

The mode of action of an antiviral substance from Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam S. David-West ◽  
Patricia M. Cooke ◽  
J. W. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Virus Adsorption ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Antiviral Substance ◽  
Replicative Cycle

An antiviral substance elaborated in Czapek-Dox broth by a strain of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum isolated in this laboratory, and active against influenza A virus (PR8), influenza B virus (Lee), and Newcastle disease virus (B1) in modified Maitland tissue cultures has been shown to act at an intracellular site in the viral replicative cycle. The substance neither blocks virus adsorption nor impedes the release of newly formed virus particles. It is not viricidal, does not interfere with the action of ths viral neuraminidase on red blood cells, and does not possess any haemagglutination or haemagglutination–inhibition activity. A comparison with other reported antiviral agents shows that the antiviral substance is different from those previously studied.

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