scholarly journals Serological tests for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens and turkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. W. Jordan ◽  
P. Kulasegaram
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Metabolic Inhibition ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Gel Method

SUMMARYA comparison was undertaken of several serological tests in determining the response of chickens and turkeys experimentally infected with the A 514 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.After a single intratracheal inoculation of chickens with a culture of the organism, the highest titres were obtained by the indirect complement fixation (ICF) test, followed by the tube agglutination (TA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), slide agglutination (SA) and metabolic inhibition (MI) tests. By all these tests positive titres were observed within the first week and peak titres between the first and second weeks. At 5 months there was no positive reaction by the ICF test but most chickens gave positive readings by the TA, HI and SA tests for at least 14 months after infection, but turkey sera became negative by all tests after 3 months.A disadvantage of the ICF test was that sera up to a dilution of 1/8 and 1/16 for chicken and turkey respectively were anticomplementary, and in turkeys this masked the ICF titre, which presumably was low following one intratracheal inoculation. Titres in turkeys with the TA, HI and SA tests followed the pattern seen with chickens and were generally lower than those found by other workers probably because of the avirulent nature of the inoculum used.The WB test was the least sensitive of the agglutination tests but is useful as a flock test which can be undertaken on the farm.The MI test gave the lowest titres of all and antibodies could be detected for only 4 months following one intratracheal inoculation. Even with serum prepared by multiple inoculations in chickens the titre was never higher than 1/32 compared with 1/1024 for serum similarly prepared in rabbits.Precipitins were detected by the agar gel method in the sera of chickens and turkeys after two intratracheal inoculations but in only some of the chickens and none of the turkeys after one inoculation.By all tests higher titres were observed with chicken than turkey sera and antibodies persisted for a longer time.Re-infection of chickens when antibodies to the initial infection had become low, and of turkeys when antibodies were no longer detectable, gave rise to an anamnestic response with titres which were higher than before.Antiserum to M. gallisepticum prepared in chickens is comparable with that prepared in rabbits except for low titres by the MI test.

scholarly journals Performance of Competitive and Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays, Gel Immunoprecipitation with Native Hapten Polysaccharide, and Standard Serological Tests in Diagnosis of Sheep Brucellosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Marín ◽  
E. Moreno ◽  
I. Moriyón ◽  
R. Díaz ◽  
J. M. Blasco
Keyword(s):  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Immunosorbent Assays

ABSTRACT Competitive and standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), rose bengal (RB), complement fixation, and agar gel immunoprecipitation with native hapten (AGID-NH) were compared by using sera from Brucella-free, Brucella melitensis-infected, and B. melitensisRev1-vaccinated sheep. The most sensitive tests were indirect ELISA and RB, and the most specific tests were AGID-NH and competitive ELISA. We show that RB followed by AGID-NH is a simple and effective system for diagnosing sheep brucellosis.

Rapid detection of Australia/SH antigen and antibody by a simple and sensitive technique of immunoelectronmicroscopy

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 993-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Kelen ◽  
A. E. Hathaway ◽  
D. A. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Filtration Technique ◽  
Electronmicroscopic Examination

A simple and practical method is presented for demonstrating the presence of the Australia/SH antigen and its corresponding antibody in serum specimens, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The method is based on the electronmicroscopic visualization of characteristic aggregates of antigen–antibody complexes formed in the mixture of a serum specimen and the appropriate Australia/SH detector reagent. It involves the use of a microtechnique requiring minute amounts of reagents and provides, as a result of diffusion and filtration through agar gel, partially purified and concentrated preparations, ready for electronmicroscopic examination in less than an hour. The method is highly specific and yields reproducible results. Its sensitivity was found to be greater than that of the crossover electrophoresis test and closely approximates that of the complement fixation test, with the added advantage of not being affected by the "prozone phenomenon." The method can be recommended for use in laboratories equipped with electronmicroscopic facilities to establish a differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis cases, perform rapid screening of blood samples (blood products) for the presence of Australia/SH antigen, and clarify equivocal results obtained by other methods. It is expected that the agar–diffusion–filtration technique will also prove useful, in general, for enhancing the chances of detecting virus particles in suspensions of relatively low virus concentrations.

scholarly journals A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological tests for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes

1976 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Allan ◽  
R. J. Chappel ◽  
P. Williamson ◽  
D. J. McNaught
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Serum Agglutination

SUMMARYBrucella-specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes were quantitatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency in serological tests for bovine brucellosis.IgM reacted more efficiently than IgG1and IgG2in both the Rose Bengal plate test and serum agglutination test. The complement fixation test was found to be slightly more sensitive to IgM than to IgG1and did not react to IgG2.IgM was, however, partly inactivated when heated at 60°C. in the presence of serum.

scholarly journals Model Proficiency Testing Scheme for Serological Diagnosis of Brucellosis: Interlaboratory Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Nannini ◽  
Manuela Tittarelli ◽  
Lucilla Ricci ◽  
Annamaria Conte ◽  
Bernardo Di Emidio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Correct Result ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Testing Scheme ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Qualitative Test

Abstract A model interlaboratory testing scheme was developed by the Italian National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis. This scheme was planned for both qualitative (Rose Bengal Plate Test; RBPT) and quantitative (Complement Fixation Test; CFT) serological tests and involved a total of 42 laboratories. In the preparation of this scheme, reference was made to general protocols and guidelines and to methods reported in the literature, which were applicable to analytical chemistry laboratories. Six field sera from naturally infected animals, one positive serum at a titer below the European Union (EU) positivity threshold, and 5 sera positive at titers between 20 and 851 International Units of Complement Fixation Test (IUCFT)/mL plus one negative serum were used to produce a panel of test sera. To evaluate laboratory performances in the quantitative test for each tested sample examined, z-scores based on robust summary statistics (the median and normalized interquartile range) were used. To evaluate overall laboratory performance, 2 types of combined z-scores were used: Rescaled Sum of Scores and Sum of Squared Scores. In the case of the qualitative test (RBPT), results were analyzed by a Bayesian approach. A Beta distribution, based on the result of each laboratory, was calculated and used to estimate the probability of each laboratory giving a correct result and its uncertainty.

Generation of abundant defects in Mn-Co mixed oxides by a facile agar-gel method for highly efficient catalysis of total toluene oxidation

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 119560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peifen Wang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Xiaowei An ◽  
Jin Shi ◽  
Wenfeng Shangguan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Toluene Oxidation ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
Highly Efficient

scholarly journals Detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep from Paraná, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina Ricciardi Sbizera ◽  
Luiz Fernando Coelho da Cunha Filho ◽  
Michele Lunardi ◽  
Simone Fernanda Nedel Pertile ◽  
Thais Helena Constantino Patelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
High Occurrence ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
World Organization

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) belonging to the genus Orbivirus. It is transmitted by a hematophagous vector, Culicoides sp., to ruminants, particularly to sheep, which are most susceptible to this disease. The main serological tests are agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), which has the advantage of no cross-reaction with other orbiviruses. The aim was to compare the results of these two tests by conducting them on sera collected from sheep in the state of Paraná, Brazil. From March to October 2017, serum samples were collected from 270 sheep from 10 farms in six mesoregions of Paraná. The samples were subjected to AGID and cELISA to detect antibodies against BTV. Based on the test results, we classified the sheep as low, moderate, and high occurrence. The results demonstrated that 64.81% (175/270) of the sheep were seropositive through the cELISA test, showing a high occurrence, and 41.11% (111/270) were seropositive through the AGID test, indicating a moderate occurrence. The concordance between the tests was moderate (0.51) as determined by the Kappa coefficient. Among the studied farms, 90% (9/10) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and the number of animals tested positive by the cELISA test was higher than those by the AGID test. Favorable climate, which favors the presence and multiplication of the culicoid vector and the occurrence of infection, was the biggest predominant factor responsible for the obtained results. The low occurrence in farms with milder climate suggest that the presence of antibodies also occurs due to the low pathogenicity of circulating serotypes in the different mesoregions studied. It is concluded that BTV infection is present in the sheep herds in Paraná, and the occurrence was moderate detected by AGID test and high detected by cELISA test.

scholarly journals Recovery of bluetongue virus serogroup from sera collected for a serological survey from apparently healthy cattle, from the Sudan

1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. E. Abu Elzein
Keyword(s):  
Vero Cell ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Serological Survey ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Sole Purpose ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Apparently Healthy

SUMMARYVirus of the bluetongue (BT) serogroup was recovered from 11% of cattle sera collected from apparently healthy animals in Khartoum Province for the sole purpose of screening for BT antibodies. Since these sera did not contain BT antibodies, the donor cattle could have been scored as BT free in the serological survey.Virus was initially isolated in chicken embryos inoculated intravascularly, and was further adapted to Vero cell cultures. Isolates were identified as belonging to the BT serogroup using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and complement fixation (CF) tests.The results indicated that cattle in the Sudan could harbour BT virus without showing symptoms of the disease. Such an observation necessitates further work to clarify the role of cattle in the epidemiology of BT in the Sudan.

scholarly journals The influenze virus flocculation reaction as a method of antigenic typing

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Belyavin
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Virus Strains

The influenza virus serum flocculation previously reported (Belyavin, 1955) opened up a number of lines of investigation. One of obvious importance was extension of the reaction to other viruses belonging to both related and unrelated groups. Indeed, other workers in this laboratory have already achieved the flocculation of poliomyelitis viruses by specific antisera (Smith, Sheffield, Lee & Churcher, 1956) and flocculation of both mumps and Newcastle disease viruses is now reported in this communication. The ease with which the viruses of the mumps-influenza group can be flocculated by homologous rabbit antisera suggested that the technique may be applicable as a method of antigenic analysis. If so, it would have the advantage of being much simpler than the standard haemagglutination inhibition and complement-fixation tests. The exploration of this possibility forms the basis of this paper. A large-scale antigenic survey involving numerous virus strains has not been attempted, greater emphasis being placed on the examination of techniques and their applicability to the end in view. The investigation has also revealed new phenomena peculiar to the direct virus flocculation reaction.

scholarly journals Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak

1965 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis F. de Salles-Gomes ◽  
Juan J. Angulo ◽  
Ernaldo Menezes ◽  
Vinicio A. Zamith
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Hospital Ward ◽  
First Case

A variola minor outbreak in a 36-bed hospital-ward comprised seven cases of overt variola after the first case. Clinical and epidemiological findings were typical, seven of the eight cases of overt variola being confirmed by virus isolation or antibody titrations. In addition, thirteen definite and seven possible instances of subclinical variola were deduced from complement-fixation or haemagglutination-inhibition tests. A discussion is made of the validity of serological criteria of variolous and vaccinial infections.

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