Democracy, Authoritarianism and Education Finance in Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID S. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Education Finance ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Statistical Results

In view of the inconclusive statistical results associated with democracy's impact on economic performance, this article unpacks the dependent variable (economic development) by examining democratisation's impact on education policy. To determine whether democracy compels politicians to provide higher levels of educational opportunity, it traces the process of repression and democratisation in Brazil along with government spending on education. It finds that democratisation has observable effects on education spending on three different levels: 1) the percentage of government spending allocated to education; 2) the distribution of federal funding among different levels of education; and 3) the distribution of funds within primary education among state and local actors.

Pediatricians and The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (public law 94-142)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-137
Author(s):  
Francine H. Jacobs ◽  
Deborah Klein Walker
Keyword(s):  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Handicapped Child ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Special Education Services ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
Free Appropriate Public Education ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Procedural Rights

In November 1975, Congress passed The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (public law 94-142) which became effective on October 1, 1977. This law requires that any state receiving funds through PL 94-142 provide a "free appropriate public education" for each resident handicapped child, and protect the procedural rights of parents and children in the receipt of these special education services. State and local educational agencies (school systems) must develop and implement plans to identify, locate, and evaluate these children, and place them into suitable programs, all toward the goal of "full educational opportunity" for each (sections 612 and 613).1

scholarly journals The Effects of Government Education Spending on School Enrollment in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Megawati Megawati
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Education Data ◽  
Government Education ◽  
The Government

Government expenditure for education increases every year for the implementation of education sector including to increase the number of enrollment rate. However, there are some children who do not enroll in school especially senior high school-aged children. This study examines the effects of government spending on education on school enrollment in Indonesia. This research uses cross-sectional data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) and the government spending on education data for four years. This study uses probit model by employing the government education spending as the main factor. The control variables used in this study consist of parents’ education, household expenditure, male, urban, birth order, the number of siblings, missing parent, GRDP per capita, year dummy, and interaction terms among some variables. The observation is divided into two groups of age: 7-15 and 16-18. The results show that the government education spending has a positive and significant effect on school enrollment in Indonesia. In addition, the interaction terms show that the government education spending is associated with greater probability of school enrollment for poor children and for the girls.

Film Production And Economic Performance: Should South Africa Invest In Movies?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Andrew Phiri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

The movie industry is increasingly recognised as a possible avenue for improving economic performance. This study focuses on film production and its influence on South African economic growth (per capita income and employment between 1970 and 2020). Our autoregressive lag distributive (ARDL) estimates on a loglinearised endogenous growth model augmented with creative capital indicate that the production of movies has no significant effects on long-run GDP growth, per capita GDP and employment. The baseline regressions find a short-run positive and significant influence of film production on per capita income and are devoid of long-run effects. However, re-estimating the regressions with interactive terms between movie production and i) government spending ii) foreign direct investment, improve the significance of film regression coefficients which all turn positive and significant, for government spending, and negative for foreign direct investment. Our results indicate that foreign investment crowds out domestic investment whilst government investment in movies is growth-enhancing.

The Effects of Economic Performance on Infrastructure Spending at the State and Local Levels

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suho Bae
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Local Levels

AbstractEconomic development and growth may induce infrastructure investment and service provision by the public sector. This article investigates to what degree economic performance affects infrastructure spending at the state and local levels. For further elaboration, it examines the differential impacts of economic performance on state and local spending on different types of infrastructure. For that purpose, infrastructure is classified into two types: knowledge infrastructure and physical infrastructure. Methodologically, it uses the time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data from 1977 to 2000 in 50 states of the USA. To correct the complex error terms in TSCS data, it uses the ordinary least square estimation using the Prais-Winsten procedure and panel-corrected standard errors. Some endogeneity issues are also corrected. Research finds that economic development and growth contributes to the increasing infrastructure spending on a per capita basis by state and local governments; however, its magnitude is not large. When infrastructure spending is disaggregated, economic performance also contributes to the increasing state and local spending on both knowledge and physical infrastructures. In particular, the magnitude of the positive effects on physical infrastructure spending is approximately two times as large as that on knowledge infrastructure spending. However, economic performance has no significant effects on the proportion of infrastructure spending out of the total state and local spending, regardless of whether infrastructure is aggregated or disaggregated. In short, there are level effects of economic performance, but there are no compositional effects. This finding implies that state and local governments increase infrastructure investment and its service provision in responding to the economic growth; yet, they do not consider it as a top priority in comparison with other types of functional areas.

Trajectories of International Engagement with State and Local Actors: Evidence from South Sudan

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-119
Author(s):  
Daniel Maxwell ◽  
Rachel Gordon ◽  
Leben Moro ◽  
Martina Santschi ◽  
Philip Dau
Keyword(s):  
South Sudan ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
State And Local ◽  
International Engagement

Will NCLB Improve or Harm Public Education?

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN BORKOWSKI ◽  
MAREE SNEED
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Public Education ◽  
English Language ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Right

Drawing on their legal expertise and their experience working with public school districts, John W. Borkowski and Maree Sneed discuss the controversies surrounding the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). They acknowledge that its principal benefits lie in its recognition of the right of each child to learn and be assessed by high academic standards, as well as in the act's requirement that test results be disaggregated by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, and English language learner status. However, they critique the act's imposition of untested, federally mandated remedies driven by ideology rather than by scientific, educational research. These unproven, federally mandated remedies, along with inconsistencies in state and local implementation, are potentially more harmful than helpful. Finally, the authors examine the federal funding needed to implement additional tests, accountability measures, and the proven reforms necessary to improve educational outcomes. They argue that adequate funding has not been provided for these purposes, and that federal funds allotted for NCLB implementation should reflect the increases in resources necessary to improve public education and should be used for appropriate remedial measures designed and implemented at the state and local level. Borkowski and Sneed remain hopeful that with appropriate and consistent assessments, locally driven educational improvement measures, and adequate federal funding, NCLB can fulfill its promise to ensure educational equity for all students in American public schools.

Democratization and Government Education Provision in East Asia

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Government Education ◽  
Education Indicators ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Statistical Results

Although it is commonly believed that democracy promotes public services such as education, efforts have just started to evaluate empirically how the recent trend of democratization affects education services in the developing world. This article reports on the first regionwide investigation in East Asia. By studying the effects of democracy on multiple education indicators in a time-series-cross-section dataset of eight East Asian countries/political entities, the article examines whether democratic governments increase education spending and access and which social groups are favored in the process. The statistical results, which are corroborated by findings from two case studies, show that democracy plays a progressive role in promoting education spending and school enrollment at the basic level in East Asia.

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