Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds.), The Turkic languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions). London: Routledge, 1998. Pp. xxiii+474.

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAKLIN KORNFILT
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
Turkic Languages

A Bayesian approach to the classification of the Turkic languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Alexander Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Independent Verification ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
The Family ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Common ◽  
Widespread View

Despite more than 150 years of research, the internal structure of the Turkic language family remains a controversial issue. In this study, the Bayesian phylogenetic approach is employed in order to provide an independent verification of the contemporary views on Turkic linguistic history. The data underlying the study are Turkic basic vocabularies, which are resistant to replacement and likely to reflect the genealogical relationships among the Turkic languages. The method tested in the chapter is based on the strict clock model of evolution, which assumes that relevant changes occur at the same rate at every branch of the family. This study supports the widespread view that the binary split between Bulgharic and Common Turkic was the earliest split in the Turkic family. The model further replicates most of the conventional subgroups within the Common Turkic branch. Based on a Bayesian analysis, the time depth of Proto-Turkic is estimated to be around 2,119 years BP, which is in accordance with the traditional estimates of 2,000–2,500 years BP.

scholarly journals Sogdian Archetypes in Chatkal Oronymia as an Ancient Substrate of Toponyms of Central Asia

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-307
Author(s):  
D. Kenzhebaev ◽  
D. Abdullaev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Structures

The relevance of studying the oronymy of the Chatkal area of Kyrgyzstan is associated with the fact that many mountain names are well preserved in sound and semantic terms. This factor is an important condition for studying the retrospective of any language, including the Turkic languages too. Also, in the sound shells of mountain names, despite their deep antiquity, long disappeared elements of languages that are in contact in the same linguistic area in the deep past have survived. As part of the mountain names of the Chatkal zone of the mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan, individual morphemes and sounds of the ancient Turkic languages have been preserved, and at the same time, East Iranian topolexemes of the Indo-European language family are found. At the same time, the structure of oronyms to some extent shows the evolution of the language as a whole and of each tier in it - in particular. The history of the Kyrgyz language and its interaction with various systemic linguistic structures are reflected in the stratigraphy of oronymy. This allows you to explore the historical plan of the Turkic languages in more depth in the diachronic sense.

Northeastern Neo-Aramaic and Language Contact

2020 ◽  
pp. 493-518
Author(s):  
Eleanor Coghill
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects form one of the surviving branches of the Aramaic language family. Extremely diverse, they are or were spoken by Christian and Jewish minorities originating in Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Iran. They have been in intense contact with other languages of the region, most notably Kurdish, but also Arabic, Turkic languages and Persian. As a result, they show a great deal of contact influence, not only in lexicon and phonology but also in morphology and syntax. The precise forms of the borrowings, as well as their behavior, usually reflect the local dialects of the donor language, showing how important fine-grained dialectal data is in a study of language contact. While some of the languages in contact, namely Kurdish, Turkish and Persian, are structurally very different to NENA, structural congruence or compatibility plays at best a fluctuating role in facilitating borrowings.

scholarly journals Bayesian phylolinguistics infers the internal structure and the time-depth of the Turkic language family

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Savelyev ◽  
Martine Robbeets
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Divergence Dates ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Lexical Data ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference

Abstract Despite more than 200 years of research, the internal structure of the Turkic language family remains subject to debate. Classifications of Turkic so far are based on both classical historical–comparative linguistic and distance-based quantitative approaches. Although these studies yield an internal structure of the Turkic family, they cannot give us an understanding of the statistical robustness of the proposed branches, nor are they capable of reliably inferring absolute divergence dates, without assuming constant rates of change. Here we use computational Bayesian phylogenetic methods to build a phylogeny of the Turkic languages, express the reliability of the proposed branches in terms of probability, and estimate the time-depth of the family within credibility intervals. To this end, we collect a new dataset of 254 basic vocabulary items for thirty-two Turkic language varieties based on the recently introduced Leipzig–Jakarta list. Our application of Bayesian phylogenetic inference on lexical data of the Turkic languages is unprecedented. The resulting phylogenetic tree supports a binary structure for Turkic and replicates most of the conventional sub-branches in the Common Turkic branch. We calculate the robustness of the inferences for subgroups and individual languages whose position in the tree seems to be debatable. We infer the time-depth of the Turkic family at around 2100 years before present, thus providing a reliable quantitative basis for previous estimates based on classical historical linguistics and lexicostatistics.

The Northwestern Turkic (Kipchak) languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 370-391
Author(s):  
Éva Á. Csató ◽  
Lars Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Turkic Languages

This chapter deals with the Northwestern (Kipchak) branch of the Turkic language family. Examples taken from this branch of Turkic illustrate phonological, morphological, and syntactic features typical of Turkic languages. Reference is also made to special developments leading to the emergence of non-typical features in some Northwestern languages. Special emphasis is given to the description of the southern Kipchak language, Kazakh, in the middle of the Turkic-speaking world and to the moribund western Kipchak language, Lithuanian Karaim, on its northwestern periphery. Moreover, the typical Turkic features are compared to the 20 core structures (CS) in Transeurasian languages evaluated in Robbeets (2017h and this Oxford Guide).

Адам аттарына байланыштуу ысымдардын өзгөчөлүктөрү

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Г.К. Рысбаева ◽  
Ш.Б. Бәйнеш
Keyword(s):  
Human Cognition ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
World Model ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
The World ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Trinity

Аннотация: Бул макалада араб, перси, түрк тилдеринен кабыл алынган кудай («алла», «теңир») темасына байланыштуу когнитивдик фразеологизмдери иликтѳѳгѳ алынган. Учурда жалпы адамзаттык деңгээлде дүйнѳ таанууга тиешелүү дүйнонүн тилдик элеси маселеси жана филологиялык түшүнүктѳрдүн катарына кирет. «Тил –ойлоо –дүйнѳ» триядасында «Дүйнѳнүн тилдик элеси, дүйнѳнүн концептуалдык элеси» маселелерин изилдѳѳ азыркы тил илиминдеги актуалдуу маселелердин алкагына кирет. Дүйнөнүн тилдик элеси –тил маселесинде борбордук орунду ээлеген адамга тиешелүү тилдик формада жана структурада реалдуу болмуштун ѳзгѳчѳ ыкмада чагылдырылышы, элестелиши макалада кеңири сөз болот. Түйүндүү сѳздѳр: антропонимдер, тотемизм, анимизм, семантика, адам аттары,дүйнѳнүн образы, культтук сѳздѳр. Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются антропонимы арабско-персидского происхождения, посвящённые культу Бога («Құдай», «Алла», «Тәңірі»), а также связанные с ними когнитивные фразеологизмы в тюркских языках. В настоящее время рассмотрение языковой картины мира в общечеловеческих понятиях познания мира, являются философским и филологическим понятиями. Исследование «Языковой картины мира» и «Концептуальной картины мира» в триединстве «Язык-мышление-мир» является одной из актуальных проблем современного языкознания. Языковая картина мира - специфический для данного языка способ отражения и представления действительности в языковых формах и структурах в ее отношении с человеком, который является центральной фигурой языка. Ключевые слова: антропонимы, тотемизм, анимизм, семантика, имена людей, образ мира, культовое слово. ABSTRACT: The article deals with anthroponomy of the Arab-Persian origin that are devoted to the cults of the God, and related to them cognitive phraseologies in Turkic languages. The main cognitive concepts that are reflected in the national Turkic in verbal parasitological units from lingo-cultural and ethno linguistic aspects are analyzed. Now consider the language picture of the world in general human cognition in the unity of the world model, and with the same conceptual view of the world is a philosophical and philological concept. The study «Language world» and «Linguistic Map of the World» in the trinity «Language-thought-world» is one of the urgent problems of modern linguistics. Language world - a specific method for the language of reflection and representation of reality in language forms and structures in its relation with the person who is the central figure of the language. Keywords: anthroponyms, totemism, animism, semantics, names of people, image of the world, cult word.

scholarly journals Language Family Engineering with Product Lines of Multi-level Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan de Lara ◽  
Esther Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Arbitrary Number ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Modelling Languages ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractModelling is an essential activity in software engineering. It typically involves two meta-levels: one includes meta-models that describe modelling languages, and the other contains models built by instantiating those meta-models. Multi-level modelling generalizes this approach by allowing models to span an arbitrary number of meta-levels. A scenario that profits from multi-level modelling is the definition of language families that can be specialized (e.g., for different domains) by successive refinements at subsequent meta-levels, hence promoting language reuse. This enables an open set of variability options given by all possible specializations of the language family. However, multi-level modelling lacks the ability to express closed variability regarding the availability of language primitives or the possibility to opt between alternative primitive realizations. This limits the reuse opportunities of a language family. To improve this situation, we propose a novel combination of product lines with multi-level modelling to cover both open and closed variability. Our proposal is backed by a formal theory that guarantees correctness, enables top-down and bottom-up language variability design, and is implemented atop the MetaDepth multi-level modelling tool.

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