Northeastern Neo-Aramaic and Language Contact

2020 ◽  
pp. 493-518
Author(s):  
Eleanor Coghill
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects form one of the surviving branches of the Aramaic language family. Extremely diverse, they are or were spoken by Christian and Jewish minorities originating in Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Iran. They have been in intense contact with other languages of the region, most notably Kurdish, but also Arabic, Turkic languages and Persian. As a result, they show a great deal of contact influence, not only in lexicon and phonology but also in morphology and syntax. The precise forms of the borrowings, as well as their behavior, usually reflect the local dialects of the donor language, showing how important fine-grained dialectal data is in a study of language contact. While some of the languages in contact, namely Kurdish, Turkish and Persian, are structurally very different to NENA, structural congruence or compatibility plays at best a fluctuating role in facilitating borrowings.

Central Cushitic

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-322
Author(s):  
Zelealem Leyew
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Central Highlands

This chapter describes the Central Cushitic (hereafter CC) language family, one of four branches of Cushitic. CC, traditionally known as Agäw, contains four languages: Awŋi, Bilin, Kemantney, and Xamt’aŋa. Apart from Bilin, which is spoken in Eritrea, the CC languages are spoken in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The name CC was evidently given to Agäw on account of the geographical distribution of the North, South, East and the then West Cushitic (later Omotic) subgroups. The morphology, especially the verb morphology, identifies the CC languages as Cushitic, but they are classified as a separate branch of Cushitic on the basis of salient features exhibited in them. CC languages exhibit striking similarities in the lexicon, and due to longstanding language contact there exists much inter-influence with the Ethio-Semitic languages. These and other linguistic properties of CC are discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Passivo e aspetto verbale in resiano, russo e sloveno

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malinka Pila
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern

Resian is a micro-language of Slovene origin spoken in the north-eastern Italian region of Friuli, specifically in the province of Udine. It has been in a situation of absolute linguistic contact with Romance varieties (Friulian and Italian) for centuries. This paper describes the forms and functions of the passive voice in Resian, taking into account how it interplays with the verbal categories of Tense and Aspect. Analysis is drawn through comparison with other Slavic languages and takes into account the possible role of language contact in the specific situation of Resian.

scholarly journals Differential Subject Marking in Arawakan Languages: Distribution and Origins

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-176
Author(s):  
Swintha Danielsen ◽  
Tom Durand
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
The North ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
North Western

This paper is a comparison of nine Arawakan languages sharing a rare phenomenon in the Americas: differential subject marking. We argue that the languages involved display a group of predicates with oblique case marking on the subject, similar to the subject-like obliques in Icelandic and Hindi. Comparison with bivalent constructions provides a strong argument for the diachronic process of objects gradually acquiring subject properties. In addition, we discuss the distribution of this oblique marking and object marking in some of the Arawakan languages. This paper shows that these two marking strategies are in fact complementary; the existence of these two markings allows expressing semantico-pragmatics subtleties. Thus, it illustrates a specific realization of the differential marking of the subject in non-accusative languages. Examining the possibilities of language contact with non-Arawakan languages, such as Tukanoan or Witotoan languages, or between Arawakan languages, especially in the North-Western region of Amazonia, we conclude that this phenomenon is inherited in the Arawakan language family, considering the absence of other languages with such differential marking in South America and the attestations of this phenomenon in Arawakan languages as many as 500 years ago.

Contact Influences on Ossetic

2020 ◽  
pp. 466-493
Author(s):  
Oleg Belyaev
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The North ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Ossetia

Ossetic is an Iranian language spoken by around half a million people (Census 2002) mostly in the North Caucasus, in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, part of Russia, and in the adjacent region of South Ossetia beyond the Caucasian mountain range. Ossetic is descended from a language spoken by a subgroup of the Alans, a tribe of Sarmatian origin, which has found refuge in the highlands of the Caucasus following the invasions of the Mongols and Tamerlane. Centuries-long contact with neighboring peoples speaking Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian, South Caucasian, and Turkic languages has made a considerable impact on Ossetic phonology, grammar, and lexicon. Ossetic is a textbook example of an Indo-European language in a foreign linguistic environment, and therefore its data are highly important for the typology of language contact.

scholarly journals Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Khan
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Functional Explanation ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

Abstract This paper examines some aspects of the morphology and syntax of the copula in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. The first part proposes a possible pathway for the diachronic development of the morphology of the copula, with particular attention to the innovative inflection of the 3rd person. It is argued that this originated in deictic constructions that were reanalysed as deictic copulas. The second part offers a functional explanation for the position of the copula before or after the predicate. It is argued that many constructions that place the copula before the predicate should be interpreted as thetic sentences, whereas those that place the copula after the predicate should be interpreted as categorical sentences. The thetic structures are likely to have developed by the replication of the pattern of copula constructions in Kurdish.

Folk Etymology in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233
Author(s):  
Hezy Mutzafi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

Abstract Although folk etymology is a common linguistic phenomenon, it has hitherto hardly been touched upon in lexicological and other works related to varieties of Neo-Aramaic. The present article concerns twelve cases of folk etymology selected from some of the dialects of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA), the largest and most variegated division of modern Aramaic. Among these are three folk-etymological interpretations that did not induce structural or other changes, as well as nine cases of folk-etymological processes that reshaped NENA lexical items.

The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Khan
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

scholarly journals Languages in contact and conflict on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL)

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 19-39
Author(s):  
Leszek Bednarczuk
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Language Conflict ◽  
Grand Duchy

Languages in Contact and Conflict on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL)Professor Uriel Weinreich, born and raised in Wilno / Vilnius, in his famous work Languages in contact (1953/1970), apart from some remarks concerning Slavic influences on the North-East variety of Yiddish, in fact does not mention the linguistic contacts on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He does, however, rightly observe that a particular brand of language loyalty can be made subservient to aggressive purposes and lead to conflict – not just language conflict at that. As an example of this, Weinreich quotes a ban on the use of the words pan ‘mister, sir’ and Żyd ‘Jew’, introduced by the Soviet authorities in Polish-language press after 1939. Outside-forces-inspired conflict of the 19th and 20th century notwithstanding, the former GDL has always been a territory of language contact, and its inhabitants have for centuries formed a multilingual community, akin to the Balkan Language League.The article deals with: (1) questions of terminology; (2) the ethnolinguistic situation on the territory of the GDL; (3) the functional distribution of the languages and dialects used therein; (4) examples of inter-lingual transpositions; and (5) the linguistic community of the GDL.Языковые контакты и конфликты на территории Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ)Виленский уроженец, профессор Уриел Вейнраих, в своей знаменитой книге о языковых контактах (1953/1970), кроме заметок о славянском влиянии на северо-восточный вариант диалекта идиш, не упоминает о языковых контактах на землях бывшего ВКЛ, но справедливо указывает, что особо пони­маемая языковая лояльность может привести к агрессии и конфликтам, причём не только языковым. В качестве примера учёный приводит запрет на использование в польскоязычной советской прессе, издаваемой после 1939 года, слов pan / ‘господин’ и żyd / ‘еврей’. Несмотря на инспирируемые внешними силами языковые конфликты в девятнадцатом и двадцатом веках, жители бывшего ВКЛ всегда находились во взаимных языковых контактах, образуя с древних времён до наших дней многоязычную общность, напоминающую по своей структуре балканскую языковую лигу.В статье рассматриваются: 1) вопросы терминологии, 2) этнолингви­сти­чес­кая ситуация на территории ВКЛ, 3) функциональное распределение ис­поль­зуе­мых языков и диалектов, 4) примеры языковых транспозиций между ними, и 5) коммуникативное сообщество ВКЛ.

scholarly journals Unusual metasomatites (phyolithites) in the Kolvitskiy gabbro-anorthosite rock mass: composition and structural position

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 232-242
Author(s):  
Evgenii Terekhov ◽  
Aleksandr Makeev ◽  
Aleksandr Baluev ◽  
Aleksandr Konilov ◽  
Konstantin Van
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Metasomatic Rock ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
Eu Anomaly ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Violet Color ◽  
North Western

Complex mineralogical, geochemical, and geological-structural characteristics of a rare collection stone of violet color, phyolithite, in the southwestern part of the Kola Peninsula. This is a metasomatic rock formed under the conditions of brittle deformations on gabbro-anorthosites of the Paleoproterozoic Kolvitskiy rock mass. As a result of potassium metasomatosis, the plagioclase of the initial rocks was replaced by a fine-grained mica aggregate of muscovite-phengite composition with inclusions of Va-aluminoseladonite (up to 20-30 microns). Ba-aluminoseladonite contains 6.6-10.5 % by weight of BaO. Manganese is the only chromophore that accumulates in the rock during metasomatosis. It is manganese that provides the purple-violet color of pseudomorphs of mica according to anorthite. The phyolithites is depleted by REE and has a positive Eu-anomaly. The phyolithites are confined to the areas of fracturing of the north-eastern strike, located in the zone of dynamic influence of the north-western closure of the Onega-Kandalaksha rift of the Riphean age. Other formations (injection conglomerates and lamproites) are also associated with the formation of this structure, which owe their origin to an intense fluid flow.

The Emplacement of the Main Glencoe Fault-Intrusion at Stob Mhic Mhartuin

1966 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Heated Wall ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Fluidized System ◽  
First Time ◽  
Outer Contact ◽  
Mineralogical Evidence

AbstractThe contact relationships of the Fault-Intrusion are described, in detail, from the type locality. Textural and mineralogical evidence indicates that the fine-grained marginal facies of the Fault-Intrusion is not a priori evidence for magmatic emplacement. The production of “ flinty crush-rock ” from brecciated quartzites downfaulted within the Glencoe cauldron is described from the south-western inner contact, and is shown to be a result of gas attrition. “ Flinty crush-rock ” is recorded for the first time from the north-eastern contact with the country rocks outwith the cauldron, separated from the latter by a sheared microbreccia not found at the inner contact. The contact relations of the Fault-Intrusion with these “ flinty crush-rocks ”, more properly termed pseudotachylites, indicates that the Fault-Intrusion was emplaced as an entrained fluidized system of gas, solid phenocrysts and, probably, liquid droplets. The production of the sheared microbreccia at the outer contact is thought to be due to shearing stresses exerted by the entrained system on the heated wall-rocks.

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