Nominal aspect, quantity, and time: The case of the Finnish object

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
TUOMAS HUUMO
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Time Axis ◽  
Post Office ◽  
Verbal Aspect ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Over Time

It is well known that the quantity indicated by an NP affects clausal aspect if the referent of the NP participates in the event incrementally, i.e. in a part-by-part manner (e.g.She was mowingthe lawn). In general, an incremental NP that indicates a closed quantity makes the overall aspect of the sentence telic and thus bounded, whereas one indicating an open quantity results in unbounded aspect (e.g.Waterwas dripping from the ceiling). In this paper the interplay between quantity and aspect will be called nominal aspect. It is argued that quantity may relate with time in two different ways: first, as overall quantity (which, if incremental, cumulates over time), and second, as transient quantity. The latter term refers to the quantity involved in the situation at a given point in time. It is argued that the interpretation of certain NPs evokes both kinds of quantity; e.g. inThis machine pumpsthe waste water of the factoryinto the drainthe object indicates a quantity that is open in the overall sense (there is no end to the waste water entering the event of pumping) but closed in the transient sense (at any point, all [relevant] waste water gets pumped into the drain). A corresponding distinction is drawn in the domain of verbal aspect, which can also be bounded or unbounded in two different ways. Overall aspect unfolds over time and, if telic, ultimately reaches its endpoint, as inShe took the letter to the post office. Transient aspect is the aspectual nature of an event at any given point in time. It is understood as orthogonal to the time axis and gives a cross-section of the ongoing event. InThis brush cleans the conveyor belt before it enters the machinerythe overall aspect (of the ‘cleaning’) is unbounded, but the transient aspect is bounded, assuming that the brush continuously keeps the conveyor belt in a state of total cleanliness. In this paper, such oppositions are used in explaining the case marking of the Finnish object (partitive vs. ‘total object’ case marking), which reflects both quantificational and aspectual factors. It is argued that the total object can indicate a closed quantity and a bounded aspect not only in the overall sense but also in the transient sense. This distinction is then used to account for many hitherto unexplained uses of the cases.

scholarly journals Non-reloading coal transportation in the eastern inclined shaft of “Raspadskaya” mine

2021 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Vadim Yurchenko ◽  
Valeriy Nesterov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Belt Conveyor ◽  
Drive Power ◽  
Belt Drives ◽  
Belt Speed ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Drive Belt ◽  
Material Load ◽  
Belt Width

The planned increase in the mine output from 6.5 to 13.6 million tons per year has set the task of reconstructing a conveyor transport in the eastern inclined shaft of the Raspadskaya mine. The roadway length is 4100 m; the reduced inclination angle is +7°40´. An attempt was made to combine all the positive global practices in one project: the distribution of drive power along the length of a conveyor belt, minimizing the capital cost of implementation. Within the framework of this article, an approach to choosing the speed of a con-veyor belt is discussed, a comparative analysis of the two most com-mon types of intermediate “tripper-type” and “belt-to-belt” drives is given; calculation of a belt conveyor with intermediate “belt-to-belt” drives providing non-reloading conveying in the eastern inclined shaft. Pull force calculations showed that a conveyor belt with four interme-diate “belt-to-belt” drives can be implemented as follows: belt width – 1400 mm, belt speed – 4.0 m/s, mono-material load-carrying belt – PVG-4000, mono-material drive belt – PVG-1400, 2-pulley drive units when mounted on one side: head drive power – 2×1000 = 2000 kW, intermediate drive power – 2×1600 = 3200 kW. Thus, the use of a conveyor belt with four intermediate “belt-to-belt” drives in the in-clined shaft will give the following results: non-reloading transporta-tion over the entire length of the shaft, reducing the additional degra-dation of transported coal due to the exclusion of reloading points, minimizing costs through the use of less durable belts, minimizing costs of sinking an inclined shaft of a smaller cross-section.

Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 419-422
Author(s):  
Jens-Uwe Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Shift ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
The Body ◽  
Velocity Spectrum ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Scan Line ◽  
Over Time

Ultrasound waves which are sent with a focussed beam into the body and which are reflected and scattered by tissue boundaries are used to compose an image of the heart. The display of a single scan line over time is called M-mode. B-mode images show a 2-dimensional cross section of the heart. A frequency shift of the reflected soundwaves indicates that the reflector is moving which allows to calculate tissue or blood velocities. Velocities are displayed as velocity spectrum or as colour coded overlay over the B-mode image. These so-called Doppler measurements measure true velocities only along the scan line. Alternatively, structures with an individual texture can be followed over time, which also allows to measure motion and deformation of the myocardium.

Reducing Risk as well as Inequality: Assessing the Welfare State's Insurance Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hacker ◽  
Philipp Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Risk Spreading ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract Leading accounts of the politics of the welfare state focus on societal demands for risk-spreading policies. Yet current measures of the welfare state focus not on risk, but on inequality. To address this gap, this letter describes the development of two new measures, risk incidence and risk reduction, which correspond to the prevalence of large income losses and the degree to which welfare states reduce that prevalence, respectively. Unlike existing indicators, these measures require panel data, which the authors harmonize for twenty-one democracies. The study finds that large losses affect all income and education levels, making the welfare state valuable to a broad cross-section of citizens. It also finds that taxes and transfers greatly reduce the prevalence of such losses, though to varying degrees across countries and over time. Finally, it disaggregates the measures to identify specific ‘triggers’ of large losses, and finds that these triggers are associated with risks on which welfare states focus, such as unemployment and sickness.

Influence of Content and Treatment of Clay in the Morphology of PES Membranes

2016 ◽  
Vol 869 ◽  
pp. 824-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Nóbrega Medeiros ◽  
Thamyres Cardoso de Carvalho ◽  
Amanda Melissa Damião Leite ◽  
Edcleide Maria Araújo ◽  
Renê Anísio da Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Phase Inversion ◽  
Polymeric Membranes ◽  
Nanocomposite Membranes ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Porous Support ◽  
Phase Inversion Technique ◽  
Basal Distance ◽  
Over Time

Polymeric membranes were produced from the nanocomposites of polyethersulfone and clay (untreated-MMT and treatment-OMMT), by phase inversion technique, in the proportions of 3 and 5% w/w, using as the solvent N, N dimethylformamide (DMF). From XRD results it was noted a change in the structure of the MMT by organophilization process with increase of the interplanar basal distance. To the membranes it was observed an exfoliated and/or partially exfoliated structure. From SEM images the nanocomposite membranes showed a surface apparently exempt of pores, however in the cross-section images shows an anisotropic structure, where the skin is dense and the porous support displays macrovoids. By the flow measurement, it was found that the compositions presented the same tendency in the flow lines, where the flow is high on the beginning and drops over time; and the inclusion of clay increases the flow, especially to the membranes with MMT 5%.

Can Medium-Resolution Satellite Imagery Measure Economic Activity at Small Geographies? Evidence from Landsat in Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Goldblatt ◽  
Kilian Heilmann ◽  
Yonatan Vaizman
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Nighttime Lights ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Simple Regression ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study explores the potential and the limits of medium-resolution satellite data as a proxy for economic activity at small geographic units. Using a commune-level dataset from Vietnam, it compares the performance of commonly used nightlight data and higher resolution Landsat imagery, which measures daytime light reflection. The analysis suggests that Landsat outperforms nighttime lights at predicting enterprise counts, employment, and expenditure in simple regression models. A parsimonious combination of the first two moments of the Landsat spectral bands can explain a reasonable share of the variation in economic activity in the cross-section. There is, however, poor prediction power of either satellite measure for changes over time.

scholarly journals Development of white matter fibre density and morphology over childhood: a longitudinal fixel-based analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sila Genc ◽  
Robert E Smith ◽  
Charles B Malpas ◽  
Vicki Anderson ◽  
Jan M Nicholson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Fibre Density ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Point

AbstractPurposeWhite matter fibre development in childhood involves dynamic changes to microstructural organisation driven by increasing axon diameter, density, and myelination. However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have quantified advanced diffusion metrics to identify regions of accelerated fibre maturation, particularly across the early pubertal period. We applied a novel longitudinal fixel-based analysis (FBA) framework, in order to estimate microscopic and macroscopic white matter changes over time.MethodsDiffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data were acquired for 59 typically developing children (27 female) aged 9 – 13 years at two time-points approximately 16 months apart (time-point 1: 10.4 ± 0.4 years, time-point 2: 11.7 ± 0.5 years). Whole brain FBA was performed using the connectivity-based fixel enhancement method, to assess longitudinal changes in fibre microscopic density and macroscopic morphological measures, and how these changes are affected by sex, pubertal stage, and pubertal progression. Follow-up analyses were performed in sub-regions of the corpus callosum to confirm the main findings using a Bayesian repeated measures approach.ResultsThere was a statistically significant increase in fibre density over time localised to medial and posterior commissural and association fibres, including the forceps major and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus. Increases in fibre cross-section were substantially more widespread. The rate of fibre development was not associated with age or sex. In addition, there was no significant relationship between pubertal stage or progression and longitudinal fibre development over time. Follow-up Bayesian analyses were performed to confirm the findings, which supported the null effect of the longitudinal pubertal comparison.ConclusionUsing a novel longitudinal fixel-based analysis framework, we demonstrate that white matter fibre density and fibre cross-section increased within a 16-month scan rescan period in specific regions. The observed increases might reflect increasing axonal diameter or axon count. Pubertal stage or progression did not influence the rate of fibre development in the early stages of puberty. Future work should focus on quantifying these measures across a wider age range to capture the full spectrum of fibre development across the pubertal period.

Megrelian

2021 ◽  
pp. 528-569
Author(s):  
Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel
Keyword(s):  
Informal Communication ◽  
Verbal Aspect ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Case System ◽  
Spatial Deixis

This chapter addresses Megrelian, a Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language spoken by Megrelians, a subethnic group compactly residing in one of the western provinces of Georgia, Samegrelo. A language of informal communication, Megrelian has been subject to linguistic research both in Georgia and beyond for more than two hundred years. Backed by the existing literature on the language, most of which has been published in Georgian, this sketch provides an account of essential features of Megrelian phonology, grammar, and lexicon, including such typologically renowned properties of Megrelian as the elaborate system of preverbs and innovative and extremely specific case-marking alignment that not only features ergative stimuli of affective verbs, but can also license this case to adverbs as well. Furthermore, new insights are proposed for such domains of linguistic structure as the language’s case system, grades of comparison, expression of spatial deixis by pronominal expressions, verbal aspect, and evidentiality; some of these statements are based on the data from the author’s long-term fieldwork and are now being introduced to linguistic discourse.

Pay across EU Regions: Contributory Effects of Labor Markets and Regional Heterogeneity

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don J. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Eu Regions ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Pooled Time Series ◽  
Over Time

This paper presents an investigation into the effects of regional labour market characteristics on the evolution of average pay across regions of the European Union. Using pooled time-series-cross-section regression analysis and data that corresponds to thirty-two regions between 1986-1994, regionally adjusted unemployment benefits and employment rates are identified as being statistically significant determinants of relative average regional pay over time. Unobservable regional heterogeneity is also identified as being an important contributory factor behind this evolution.

scholarly journals Developing a Robust Strategy Map in Balanced Scorecard Model Using Scenario Planning

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Jafari ◽  
Kamran Shahanaghi ◽  
Majid Tootooni
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Strategy Implementation ◽  
Post Office ◽  
The Status ◽  
Strategy Map ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Over Time

The key to successful strategy implementation in an organization is for people in the organization to understand it, which requires the establishment of complicated but vital processes whereby the intangible assets are converted into tangible outputs. In this regard, a strategy map is a useful tool that helps execute this difficult task. However, such maps are typically developed based on ambiguous cause-effect relationships that result from the extrapolation of past data and flawed links with possible futures. However, if the strategy map is a mere reflection of the status quo but not future conditions and does not embrace real-world uncertainties, it will endanger the organization since it posits that the current situation will continue. In order to compensate for this deficiency, the environmental scenarios affecting an organization were identified in the present study. Then the strategy map was developed in the form of a scenario-based balanced scorecard. Besides, the effect of environmental changes on the components of the strategy map was investigated using the strategy maps illustrated over time together with the corresponding cash flow vectors. Subsequently, a method was proposed to calculate the degree of robustness of every component of the strategy map for the contingency of every scenario. Finally, the results were applied to a post office.

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