The hydrolysis of ammonium ions in sea water-experimental confirmation of predicted constants at one atmosphere pressure

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Experimental Confirmation ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Atmosphere Pressure ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Recent experimental measurements have confirmed the accuracy of earlier calculations of the extent of hydrolysis of ammonium ions in sea water over a range of temperature and salinity. Tables of the percentage of un-ionized ammonia in sea water compiled from the calculated data can therefore be used with confidence in assessing ammonia toxicity in mariculture systems.

The Hydrolysis of Ammonium Ions in Sea Water-a Theoretical Study

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Ionic Equilibria ◽  
Good Account ◽  
High Lipid Solubility ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A number of procedures are now available for calculating the effects of ionic inter-actions on the behaviour of solutions as complex as sea water (Whitfield, 1973 a). These procedures are able to give a good account of the properties of the major electrolyte components (Leyendekkers, 1973 a; Robinson & Wood, 1972; Whitfield, 19736) and of the colligative properties of sea water (Robinson & Wood, 1972; Whitfield, 1973 c, d). However, greatest interest centres around the possibility of predicting the effects of these major components on the multitude of ionic equilibria that influence the properties of the less abundant constituents that are of greater biological and geological importance. It is here that the newer approaches to marine chemistry are weakest because suitable thermodynamic data are lacking. One system of practical importance that can be studied using a variety of theoretical approaches is the acid ionization of ammonium ions represented by the equation The toxicity of ammonium salts to freshwater life has been shown to be strongly dependent on the pH in a manner that is consistent with un-ionized ammonia (NH3) being the most lethal fraction (see, for example, Wuhrmann & Woker, 1948; Downing & Merkens, 1955; Lloyd & Herbert, i960; Hemens, 1966; and Brown, 1968). These papers and many others have been thoroughly reviewed (EIFAC Technical Paper no. 11, 1970, Kemp, Abrams & Overbeck, 1971). The free base (NH3) has a relatively high lipid solubility because it carries no charge and is therefore able to diffuse quite readily across cell membranes (Fromm & Gillette, 1968).

scholarly journals Spring and surface water quality of the Cyprus ophiolites

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neal ◽  
P. Shand
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Stream Water Quality ◽  
Troodos Ophiolite ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract. A survey of surface, spring and borehole waters associated with the ophiolite rocks of Cyprus shows five broad water types (1) Mg-HCO3, (2) Na-SO4-Cl-HCO3, (3) Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-OH-CO3, (4) Na-Cl-SO4 and (5) Ca-SO4. The waters represent a progression in chemical reactivity from surface waters that evolve within a groundwater setting due to hydrolysis of the basic/ultrabasic rock as modified by CO2-weathering. An increase in salinity is also observed which is due to mixing with a saline end-member (modified sea-water) and dissolution of gypsum/anhydrite. In some cases, the waters have pH values greater than 11. Such high values are associated with low temperature serpentinisation reactions. The system is a net sink for CO2. This feature is related not only to the hydrolysis of the primary minerals in the rock, but also to CaCO3 or Ca-Mg-CO3 solubility controls. Under hyperalkaline conditions, virtually all the carbon dioxide is lost from the water due to the sufficiently high calcium levels and carbonate buffering is then insignificant. Calcium sulphate solubility controls may also be operative when calcium and sulphate concentrations are particularly high. Keywords: Cyprus, Troodos, ophiolite, serpentinisation, spring, stream, water quality, bromide, iodine, boron, trace elements, hyperalkaline.

scholarly journals Analysis of Ammonia Toxicity in Landfill Leachates

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Osada ◽  
Keisuke Nemoto ◽  
Hiroki Nakanishi ◽  
Ayumi Hatano ◽  
Ryo Shoji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Toxicity Identification Evaluation ◽  
Landfill Leachates ◽  
Waste Landfill ◽  
Identification Evaluation ◽  
Unionized Ammonia

Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phase I manipulations and toxicity test with D. magna were conducted on leachates from an industrial waste landfill site in Japan. Physicochemical analysis detected heavy metals at concentrations insufficient to account for the observed acute toxicity. The graduated pH and aeration manipulations identified the prominent toxicity of ammonia. Based on joint toxicity with additive effects of unionized ammonia and ammonium ions, the unionized ammonia toxicity () was calculated as 3.3 ppm, and the toxicity of ammonium ions () was calculated as 222 ppm. Then, the contribution of ammonia toxicity in the landfill leachate toxicity was calculated as 58.7 vol% of the total toxicity in the landfill leachate. Other specific toxicants masked by ammonia's toxicity were detected. Contribution rate of the toxicants other than by ammonia was 41.3 vol% of the total toxicity of the landfill leachate.

scholarly journals CALCULATION OF PARAMETER VALUES TO CHARACTERIZE THE CONSEQUENCES OF WORK ON THE DREDGING AND SUSPENDED MATTER DAMPING: ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF THE SM-MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-134
Author(s):  
K. A. Podgorny ◽  
A. V. Leonov
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Suspended Matter Concentration ◽  
Kaliningrad Region ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Parameter Values

The developed SM-model, describing the suspended matter concentrations in water environment, was used to assess the consequences of the works on dredging and dumping ground during the reconstruction and modernization of the water body area in the Pionersky Port (Kaliningrad region). The complex of recreated works includes 11 stages of the dredging works during which the various types of bottom sediments are extracted, some part of these sediments are transported outside the port water area and discharged into the marine underwater dump, while other their part are used for hydraulic engineering works in the port area. At the dredging and dumping the sediments, additional zones of water turbidity are formed (with a suspended matter concentration > 50 mg/L), its deposition causes the formation of a layer of sediments on the bottom. For each work stages, the technological data on the currents in the port water area are used for mathematical modeling and calculations of the amounts of various types of sediments extracted from the bottom, their redistribution over the sea area, the concentration of suspended matter in sea water, and the indicators (areas and volumes) of the emerging turbidity zones water due as a result of the construction works. Calculated data may be used to compile a report “Assessment of influence on the water environment state” (or AIWES) in the frame of these works.

The Steady-State and Dynamic Characteristics of the Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing in Laminar and Turbulent Flow Regimes

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. Orcutt
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Journal Bearing ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Tilting Pad ◽  
Laminar And Turbulent Flow ◽  
Tilting Pad Journal Bearing

Calculated steady-state and dynamic characteristics are given for the four-pad, tilting-pad journal bearing with preload coefficients of 0 and 0.5 and for mean Reynolds up to 12,000. The calculated characteristics are compared with experimental measurements over the same range of operating parameters. Correlation is good, leading to the conclusion that the calculated data are effective for design analysis of rotor-bearing systems using tilting-pad bearings.

scholarly journals Analysis of thermophysical properties of binary systems containing ethyl acetate and 1-propanol or 1-butanol

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-185
Author(s):  
Divna Majstorovic ◽  
Marija Mirkovic ◽  
Mirjana Kijevcanin ◽  
Emila Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Excess Molar Volumes ◽  
Isentropic Compressibility ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Viscosity Deviations ◽  
Kister Equation ◽  
Refractive Index Deviations

The aim of this research is the experimental determination of density, viscosity, refractive index and speed of sound for binary mixtures of the ester ethyl acetate and alcohols. Experimental measurements were carried out for two systems with 1-propanol and 1-butanol at atmospheric pressure and in a temperature range 288.15 - 323.15 K. Results of experimental measurements were further used to determine excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations, refractive index deviations, and excess isentropic compressibility for each investigated mixture. These calculated data were correlated using the empirical Redlich-Kister equation. Positive values of the excess molar volume and isentropic compressibility appear for both analysed systems, while values of viscosity and refractive index deviations are negative. The structure and specific characteristics of different molecules in considered mixtures and determined non-ideal behaviour allow the insight into the possible type of interactions in the mixture, interstitial accommodation and structural effects.

Soil solution composition in association with the toxicity of banded di-ammonium phosphate to wheat and amelioration by CaCO3

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. K. Zhang ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Liming ◽  
Rooting Density ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Limed Soil

Our previous publications showed that gradients of pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium, phosphorus, and calcium were formed between di-ammonium or mono-ammonium phosphate bands and roots. These gradients shifted and diminished with time. Roots suffered from ammonia toxicity near the band, but soil liming before banding ameliorated the toxicity. In the present study, DAP was banded 1 cm away from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds sown in slightly acidic sandy Lancelin soil that was either limed (CaCO3) or not. After 35 days, the pH and concentration of 9 ions were measured in soil solution extracted from soil obtained at different distances between the fertiliser band and seed.Toxicity symptoms were noted on 7-day-old plants grown in the non-limed treatment; in contrast, plants grown in the CaCO3 treatment did not show these symptoms during the whole growth period. In comparison with the non-limed treatment, CaCO3 addition markedly lowered the ammonium and P concentration in soil solution extracted from soil between the fertiliser band and the seed. Although a lower Ca concentration was measured in the vicinity of the DAP band in the non-limed than in the limed treatment, Ca in non-limed soil was still sufficiently high to prevent deficiency in plants, implying that there might be no ground for the association of an injurious effect of DAP and Ca deficiency as suggested in other studies. Around 2.8 mg Al/L soil solution was detected in the non-limed treatment, but liming with CaCO3 reduced Al concentration in all soil sections, especially those with the high rooting density. Therefore, a possibility that Al toxicity was related to the DAP toxicity in non-limed soils cannot be excluded, considering that even higher Al would have existed in the soil solution in the vicinity of the fertiliser band during the first couple of days. In conclusion, the causal factors associated with DAP toxicity might be high concentration of ammonium and free ammonia resulting from hydrolysis of DAP, and high P and possibly high Al concentrations.

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