Functional morphology of the coelomocytes of the larval oysters (Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Elston
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Predominant Cell Type ◽  
Differential Cell ◽  
Adult Oyster

The functional morphology of the coelomocytes of larval oysters, Crassostrea virginica and C. gigas, based on observations of live animals and histological and ultrastructural examination of tissues, is presented. Two predominant types of coelomocytes were found in the larval oysters. One, the SER cell, not found in the adult oyster, is large with a spheroidal nucleus, and exhibits basophilic cytoplasm which consists of abundant smooth endoplastic reticulum. This cell appears to participate in metabolic conversion processes. The other predominant cell type, the phagocyte, appears identical to the phagocyte observed in the adult oyster. Both differential cell types were observed from one day post fertilization to metamorphosis, the oldest stage studied.

The effect of pancreatic mesenchyme on the differentiation of endocrine cells from gastric endoderm

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kramer ◽  
A. Andrew ◽  
B.B. Rawdon ◽  
P. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Cell ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pancreatic Insulin ◽  
Somatostatin Cells ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Gut Endocrine Cells

To determine whether mesenchyme plays a part in the differentiation of gut endocrine cells, proventricular endoderm from 4- to 5-day chick or quail embryos was associated with mesenchyme from the dorsal pancreatic bud of chick embryos of the same age. The combinations were grown on the chorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos until they reached a total incubation age of 21 days. Proventricular or pancreatic endoderm of the appropriate age and species reassociated with its own mesenchyme provided the controls. Morphogenesis in the experimental grafts corresponded closely to that in proventricular controls, i.e. the pancreatic mesenchyme supported the development of proventricular glands from proventricular endoderm. Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin cells and cells with pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity differentiated in the pancreatic controls. The latter three endocrine cell types, together with neurotensin and bombesin/gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP) cells, developed in proventricular controls and experimental grafts. The proportions of the major types common to proventriculus and pancreas (somatostatin and glucagon cells) were in general similar when experimental grafts were compared with proventricular controls but different when experimental and pancreatic control grafts were compared. Hence pancreatic mesenchyme did not materially affect the proportions of these three cell types in experimental grafts, induced no specific pancreatic (insulin) cell type and allowed the differentiation of the characteristic proventricular endocrine cell types, neurotensin and bombesin/GRP cells. However, an important finding was a significant reduction in the proportion of bombesin/GRP cells, attributable in part to a decrease in their number and in part to an increase in the numbers of endocrine cells of the other types. This indicates that mesenchyme may well play a part in determining the regional specificity of populations of gut endocrine cells.

The Cytology of the Digestive and Salivary Glands of the Limpet, Patella

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (65) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
D. PUGH
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Tubular Gland ◽  
Single Cell Type ◽  
Reserve Food

As reported by earlier investigators, the epithelium of the digestive tubules is composed of two cell-types. One type of cell is glandular, the other type is absorptive and digestive, and to a lesser extent secretory. The latter type of cell also contains glycogen and numerous lipid globules, so that the digestive gland as a whole contains a large quantity of reserve food material. The epithelium of the digestive duct possesses a single cell-type; the cells are ciliated and heavily pigmented, and they produce a viscous secretion. The salivary gland is a compound tubular gland. The cells elaborate a secretion containing protein and probably some carbohydrate.

Contractile properties of cultured glomerular mesangial cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (4) ◽  
pp. F457-F463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Kreisberg ◽  
M. Venkatachalam ◽  
D. Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Mesangial Cell ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glomerular Mesangial Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Isotonic Contraction ◽  
Prolonged Culture

The glomerular mesangium is composed of matrix material and at least two cell types. One is a bone marrow-derived phagocyte and the other is a smooth muscle-like cell. The phagocytic cell represents approximately 3-7% of the total mesangial cell population. The other, more abundant, cell type appears to be contractile and therefore has been proposed to play a role in regulating the surface area for filtration, one component of the ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf. In this review we discuss the contractile properties of cultured mesangial cells as well as the phenotypic alterations that lead to loss of isotonic contraction after prolonged culture.

Lung redox homeostasis: emerging concepts

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. L413-L417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn P. Merker ◽  
Bruce R. Pitt ◽  
Augustine M. Choi ◽  
Paul M. Hassoun ◽  
Christopher A. Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Electron Transport ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Zinc Binding ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Predominant Cell Type ◽  
Lung Endothelium

This symposium was organized to present some aspects of current research pertaining to lung redox function. Focuses of the symposium were on roles of pulmonary endothelial NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase (XO)/xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), heme oxygenase (HO), transplasma membrane electron transport (TPMET), and the zinc binding protein metallothionein (MT) in the propagation and/or protection of the lung or other organs from oxidative injury. The presentations were chosen to reflect the roles of both intracellular (metallothionein, XO/XDH, and HO) and plasma membrane (NADPH oxidase, XO/XDH, and unidentified TPMET) redox proteins in these processes. Although the lung endothelium was the predominant cell type under consideration, at least some of the proposed mechanisms operate in or affect other cell types and organs as well.

Distribution of leucocyte populations, and milk composition, in milk fractions of healthy quarters in dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hande Sarikaya ◽  
Claudia Werner-Misof ◽  
Melanie Atzkern ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Predominant Cell Type ◽  
Teat Canal ◽  
Main Entrance

The goal of the study was to evaluate the composition of leucocyte populations in different milk fractions as a basis on which to judge their possible role in the immune response in different compartments of the udder. The milk of one healthy quarter of nine dairy cows (SCC/quarter [les ]125000/ml; bacteriologically negative) was removed separately and during the course of milking divided into: cisternal milk (C), alveolar milk 0–25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, 75–100% (A25; A50; A75; A100, respectively) and residual milk (R). Each fraction was analysed for the main constituents, SCC and distribution of leucocyte populations and their viability. The content of fat increased steadily during milking and reached highest values in R. Protein and lactose increased from C to A25, decreased from A25 to A100 and reached their minimum in R. Na and Cl ion levels diminished from C to A25 and thereafter increased from A50 to R. Electrical Conductivity (EC) also decreased from C to A25 but remained similar within the alveolar samples and reached a minimum in R. SCC decreased from C to a minimum in A25 and increased subsequently to a significant maximum in R. Somatic cell viability increased throughout consecutive fractions with a maximum value in R. The ratio of cell populations in the various milk fractions showed a reverse trend of macrophages (M) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). M values were highest in C while PMN levels increased to their maximum in the R fraction. The lymphocyte (L) fraction remained similar in C, A25, A50, A75 and R but was higher in A100. Proportions of L, PMN and M were, respectively, 9·3%, 38·2%, 52·3% in C, 10·9%, 64%, 25·1% in A25–A100 and 10·2%, 64·9%, 24·8% in R. Numbers of L, PMN and M in milk showed a similar pattern for all three cell types: high levels in C decreased to a minimum at A25 and increased steadily thereafter to their maxima in R. It is concluded that, for healthy quarters, M, the predominant cell type in C, are located near the teat canal, the main entrance of pathogens. Obviously they are the first immunological barriers for invading pathogens. In contrast, PMN are the most important population in the alveolar compartment. However, each leucocyte fraction had a higher concentration in C than in early alveolar fractions, thus indicating the crucial role of immune defence in the cisternal compartment.

scholarly journals SpatialDWLS: accurate deconvolution of spatial transcriptomic data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Dong ◽  
Guo-Cheng Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Cell Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition

AbstractRecent development of spatial transcriptomic technologies has made it possible to systematically characterize cellular heterogeneity while preserving spatial information, which greatly enables the investigation of structural organization of a tissue and its impact on modulating cellular behavior. On the other hand, the technology often does not have sufficient resolution to distinguish neighboring cells which may belong to different cell types, therefore it is difficult to identify cell-type distribution directly from the data. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a computational method, called spatialDWLS, to quantitatively estimate the cell-type composition at each spatial location. We benchmarked the performance of spatialDWLS by comparing with a number of existing deconvolution methods using both real and simulated datasets, and we found that spatialDWLS outperformed the other methods in terms of accuracy and speed. By applying spatialDWLS to analyze a human developmental heart dataset, we observed striking spatial-temporal changes of cell-type composition which becomes increasing spatially coherent during development. As such, spatialDWLS provides a valuable computational tool for faithfully extracting biological information from spatial transcriptomic data.

scholarly journals SpatialDWLS: accurate deconvolution of spatial transcriptomic data

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Dong ◽  
Guo-Cheng Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Neighboring Cell ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Cell Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition

AbstractRecent development of spatial transcriptomic technologies has made it possible to characterize cellular heterogeneity with spatial information. However, the technology often does not have sufficient resolution to distinguish neighboring cell types. Here, we present spatialDWLS, to quantitatively estimate the cell-type composition at each spatial location. We benchmark the performance of spatialDWLS by comparing it with a number of existing deconvolution methods and find that spatialDWLS outperforms the other methods in terms of accuracy and speed. By applying spatialDWLS to a human developmental heart dataset, we observe striking spatial temporal changes of cell-type composition during development.

scholarly journals Cortical Cell Types and their Distribution in Wool Fibres

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald FG Orwin ◽  
Joy L Woods ◽  
Stephen L Ranford
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Predominant Cell Type ◽  
Percentage Area ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Manner

A method of determining cell types in wool fibres by methylene-blue staining has been extended to allow relationships between cortical cell type and cortical diameter to be studied in wools from individual sheep. Application of the method to wools from 12 sheep from six breeds showed that orthocortical cells were the predominant cell type produced. The percentage area occupied by orthocortical cells in a fibre cross-section increased with increasing cortical diameter in either a curvilinear (log-linear) or a linear manner. Nutritional stress or season may have affected the relationship in some sheep.

scholarly journals Biology and Bias in Cell Type-Specific RNAseq of Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope Kronman ◽  
Felix Richter ◽  
Benoit Labonté ◽  
Ramesh Chandra ◽  
Shan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Medium Spiny Neuron ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cell Type Specific

AbstractIsolation of cell populations is untangling complex biological interactions, but studies comparing methodologies lack in vivo complexity and draw limited conclusions about the types of transcripts identified by each technique. Furthermore, few studies compare FACS-based techniques to ribosomal affinity purification, and none do so genome-wide. We addressed this gap by systematically comparing nuclear-FACS, whole cell-FACS, and RiboTag affinity purification in the context of D1 or D2 dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtypes of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain reward region. We find that nuclear-FACS-seq generates a substantially longer list of differentially expressed genes between these cell types, and a significantly larger number of neuropsychiatric GWAS hits than the other two methods. RiboTag-seq has much lower coverage of the transcriptome than the other methods, but very efficiently distinguishes D1- and D2-MSNs. We also demonstrate differences between D1- and D2-MSNs with respect to RNA localization, suggesting fundamental cell type differences in mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and subcellular transport of RNAs. Together, these findings guide the field in selecting the RNAseq method that best suits the scientific questions under investigation.

Dendritic cells of the human epidermis: immuno-electron microscopic studies of la antigen reactivity

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-645
Author(s):  
G. Rowden ◽  
M. G. Lewis ◽  
T. M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
La Antigen ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
A Cell ◽  
C3 Receptors ◽  
Antigen Reactivity

Langerhans cells of mammalian stratified squamous epithelial have proven to be an enigma since their discovery in 1868. These dendritic suprabasal cells have been considered as related to melanocytes either as effete cells, or as post divisional products. Although grafting experiments seemed to demonstrate the independence of the cell types, much confusion still exists. The presence in the epidermis of a cell type with morphological features seemingly shared by melanocytes and Langerhans cells has been especially troublesome. This so called "indeterminate", or " -dendritic cell" lacks both Langerhans cells granules and melanosomes, yet it is clearly not a keratinocyte. Suggestions have been made that it is related to either Langerhans cells or melanocyte. Recent studies have unequivocally demonstrated that Langerhans cells are independent cells with immune function. They display Fc and C3 receptors on their surface as well as la (immune region associated) antigens.

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