The Preservation of Fibre Ropes for Use in Sea-Water

1. For the preservation of ropes the importance of the preservative against bacterial decay being also an internal lubricant for the rope fibres must be remembered.2. Tests have been carried out for one year in sea-water, which was much contaminated by sewage at times, under Plymouth Pier and in cleaner water of a tidal basin outside Plymouth Sound Breakwater for 10½ months, using 2-inch and 0-6-inch ropes respectively; the latter was manila, the former were manila, hemp, sisal and coir.3. The preservatives included cutch, cutch bichromate, cutch ammonia copper sulphate, coal tar distillates, including those of the Coalite process, also hardwood and softwood tars. The tars and tar oils were tried alone and mixed with copper soaps, naphthenate (Cuprinol and Shell products), oleate and resinate, also zinc and iron naphthenates (Cuprinol). The naphthenates and oleate are good lubricants.4. Very good results were obtained with green Cuprinol containing tar and with 10 per cent copper oleate in a light coal tar; slightly inferior were 10 per cent copper resinate in Coalite heavy oil or in creosote oil as now used largely in Plymouth; also 10 per cent copper oleate with 20 per cent of Coalite tar in Coalite neutral oil, b.p. 100–245° C, which i s a very cheap solvent. All these maintained the thin manila rope at or above 70 per cent of its initial strength after 10½ months; the untreated control was down to 13 per cent.

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Fuel Oil Prepared by Blending Heavy Oil and Coal Tar

2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology ◽

10.1109/iceet.2009.48 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Guojie Zhang ◽

Xiaojie Guo ◽

Yongfa Zhang ◽

Yaling Sun ◽

Bo Tian

Keyword(s):

Heavy Oil ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Fuel Oil

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MARINE EXPOSURE TESTS OF COCONUT TIMBER

CORD ◽

10.37833/cord.v3i01.200 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (01) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

R. N. Palomar

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Untreated Wood ◽

Double Diffusion ◽

Marine Structures ◽

Sodium Dichromate ◽

Diffusion Treatment ◽

Pressure Method ◽

Copper Arsenate ◽

Hard Samples

Marine exposure tests of sawn coconut lumber were carried out for three years to determine the resistance, of treated coconut timber to marine borers. The test panels measuzing 50 mm x 100 mm x 450 mm, were installed in sea water between October, 1981 and September, 1984. Results showed three promising treatments. These were the vacuum/pressure method using chromated copper arsenate, the modifted double diffusion treatment employing mixture of copper adphate, sodium dichromate and arsenic pentoxide, and the hot and cold bath treatment with coal tar creosote. The specimens treated by these preservative systems showed trace or slight surface infestation while the untreated wood panels indicated from deep and extensive infestation to failure due to attack of marine borers. The perfomance of the treated medium density specimens appeared to be inferior than the hard samples indicating that only the latter materials should be used for marine structures.

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On F2Echinus Hybrids

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400008249 ◽

1914 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 464-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. M. Fuchs

Keyword(s):

Second Generation ◽

Sea Water ◽

Hybrid Generation ◽

Marine Biological Laboratory ◽

Marine Biological ◽

Biological Laboratory ◽

The Cross ◽

One Year ◽

Sexually Mature ◽

Made In

An investigation on inheritance in hybrids between the three English species of Echinus was carried out in the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, during 1909–1912 by C. Shearer, W. de Morgan, and H. M. Fuchs. In a paper published in the Phil. Trans. Royal Soo., Ser. B, Vol. CCIV., p. 255, the results of this work were described in detail. At the time of publication, E. miliaris had been raised from the egg to maturity in the laboratory, in the course of one year, and a second generation had been obtained from these individuals, but none of the hybrid urchins had as yet reached maturity. This year, however, some of the hybrids have become sexually mature, and from them a second hybrid generation has been raised.The urchins which have formed ripe genital products are four individuals of the cross E. esculentus X E. acutus (referred to below as EA) derived from fertilizations made in 1912. The largest of these urchins now measures 6 cm. in diameter, exclusive of the spines. On May 11th, 1914, two of these hybrids laid eggs in the tank in which they were kept. Naturally these eggs could not be used for experimental purposes, since they were deposited in the sea water of the aquarium circulation, and therefore not under sterile conditions. On June 6th I induced three of the four to deposit genital products without cutting them open, under conditions which excluded the possible presence of foreign eggs or spermatozoa. It is hardly necessary to mention here that, as in all the previous work on Echinus hybrids, the fact of the complete absence of such sperm was made certain by controls of unfertilized eggs, none of which segmented.

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Exploratory Investigation on the Slurry-Phase Hydrocracking Reaction Behavior of Coal Tar and Petroleum-Based Heavy Oil Mixed Raw Material

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02031 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 8471-8482 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chuan Li ◽

Juntao Du ◽

Tengfei Yang ◽

Wenan Deng

Keyword(s):

Heavy Oil ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Raw Material ◽

Reaction Behavior ◽

Slurry Phase ◽

Exploratory Investigation

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Ecological studies on hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria in Japanese coastal waters - IX. Heavy oil degradation by bacteria isolated from the sea water in oil-polluted Bisan Seto.

NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI ◽

10.2331/suisan.55.2173 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 55 (12) ◽

pp. 2173-2177 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bon Kimura ◽

Masatada Murakami ◽

Hiroaki Fujisawa

Keyword(s):

Heavy Oil ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Sea Water ◽

Oil Degradation ◽

Ecological Studies

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Report on Thermoplastic Coal Tar Base Linings—A Report of NACE Unit Committee T-6A on Organic Coatings And Linings for Resistance to Chemical Corrosion, Prepared by Task Group T-6A-16 on Coal Tar Coatings*

CORROSION ◽

10.5006/0010-9312-14.7.35 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 35-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Surface Preparation ◽

Fats And Oils ◽

Organic Coatings ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Chemical Corrosion ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Abstract The relative resistances to various chemical environments are given for thermoplastic coal tar base linings. Media to which these linings are exposed include 11 acids, 5 alkalies, 2 oxidizing agents, 3 fats and oils, 5 gases, 7 solvents, 12 salts, as well as to sodium hypochlorite and to tap, distilled and sea water. Physical and chemical properties are listed for both hot and cold applied coatings. The application of coal tar base linings is considered in detail with special attention paid to such matters as coverage, surface preparation, priming, and application methods. 5.4.3

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NATURAL CLEANING OF OIL POLLUTED SEASHORES

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v13.144 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 1 (13) ◽

pp. 144 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Georges Drapeau

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Wave Action ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Stable Emulsion ◽

Mechanical Abrasion ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Main Factors ◽

One Year ◽

Type Fuel

Field observations were carried out for a period of 20 months on the seashores of Chedabucto Bay, following the spillage of 108, 000 barrels of bunker C oil in the bay by the tanker Arrow in February 1970. The main factors that control the natural cleaning of seashores are as follows: 1) Physico-chemical characteristics of oil: The bunker C-type fuel oil carried by the tanker Arrow forms, when spilled at sea, a very stable emulsion containing some 40 percent sea water. The emulsion formed is 40 times as viscous as pure bunker C (30,000 poises at 32°F). 2) Nature of polluted seashore: The natural cleaning of seashores is essentially mechanical. Abrasion of oil is most rapid on sand beaches because sand-size sediments are moved more vigourously by wave action. Such beaches clean within six months. Cobble and boulder beaches take one year to clean in Chedabucto Bay. Bedrock outcrops are still covered with a veneer of "dried" oil after 20 months of exposure to the surf. 3) Hydrodynamics of the environment: Wave action is the dominant source of energy that reaches the seashores of Chedabucto Bay and the cleaning of beaches is directly related to the amount of wave energy reaching different areas of the seashore.

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Temporal, environmental, and biological drivers of the mucosal microbiome in a wild marine fish, Scomber japonicus

10.1101/721555 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jeremiah J Minich ◽

Semar Petrus ◽

Julius D Michael ◽

Todd P Michael ◽

Rob Knight ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Fish ◽

Sea Water ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Anthropogenic Activity ◽

Scomber Japonicus ◽

Chub Mackerel ◽

Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽

Photobacterium Damselae ◽

Important Intermediate ◽

One Year

AbstractChanging ocean conditions driven by anthropogenic activity may have a negative impact on fisheries by increasing stress and disease with the mucosal microbiome as a potentially important intermediate role. To understand how environment and host biology drives mucosal microbiomes in a marine fish, we surveyed five body sites (gill, skin, digesta, GI, and pyloric caeca) from 229 Pacific chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, collected across 38 time points spanning one year from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Pier, making this the largest and longest wild marine fish microbiome survey. Mucosal sites had unique communities significantly different from the surrounding sea water and sediment communities with over 10 times more diversity than sea water alone. Although, external surfaces such as skin and gill were more similar to sea water, digesta was similar to sediment. Both alpha and beta diversity of the skin and gill was explained by environmental and biological factors, especially sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a, and fish age, consistent with an exposure gradient relationship. We verified that seasonal microbial changes were not confounded by migrations of chub mackerel sub-populations by nanopore sequencing a 14 769 bp region of the 16 568 bp mitochondria. A cosmopolitan pathogen, Photobacterium damselae, was prevalent across multiple body sites all year, but highest in the skin, GI, and digesta between June and September. Our study evaluates the extent which the environment and host biology drives mucosal microbial ecology, establishing a baseline for long term monitoring surveys for linking environment stressors to mucosal health of wild marine fish.

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External Corrosion Control of Northern Pipelines

2008 7th International Pipeline Conference, Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/ipc2008-64069 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Papavinasam ◽

A. Doiron ◽

T. Panneerselvam

Keyword(s):

Cathodic Protection ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Copper Sulphate ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Corrosion Control ◽

External Corrosion ◽

One Year

Based on one-year laboratory experiments in which samples were exposed to temperatures as low as −45°C and two-year data from field experiments, it is concluded that Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards CSA Z662, CSA Z245.20 and CSA Z245.21 adequately address evaluation of coatings for northern pipelines. However, in order to evaluate the effects of low temperatures, specimens should be exposed for at least four months. Coatings qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System B1 and B2) are less affected by exposure to low temperatures than those qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System A1) and CSA Z245.20. Corrosion potentials measured at lower temperatures are in the range of potentials to use the cathodic protection (CP) potential criteria of −0.85 V vs. copper-copper sulphate for northern pipelines.

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