Pawangs on the Frontier: Miracles, prophets, and divinities in the ricefields of modern Malaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (04) ◽  
pp. 1106-1143
Author(s):  
TEREN SEVEA
Keyword(s):  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Forest Clearing ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article unearths two Jawi manuscripts pertaining to Muslim miracle-workers, orpawangs, who were key intermediaries of agrarian change in the interior of modern Malaya. These compendia of frontier patois are analysed to recount a history of rice worlds and environments wherein forest clearing and rice cultivation were directly associated with the Islamic esoteric science (ilmu) ofpawangs. As professional miracle-workers,pawangswere employed to spearhead a broad range of socio-economic activities in western Malaya. As pivots of cults joined by Malay peasants,pawangswere venerated as heirs of agrarian prophets and saints from earlier Islamic periods, and esteemed for their fertility rituals and miracles in contemporary forests and ricefields. This article analyses the elaborate Islamic genealogies ofpawangsand popular historical traditions that were recorded in these texts, and investigates how these documents were informative about the religio-economic sensibilities of cultivators. This article also pays particular attention to howpawangsnegotiated with a variety of Islamic and African spirits in Malayan forests, to lead forest clearing and rice production and to mobilize labourers. It further presents explorations into the social and spiritual cosmopolitanism ofpawangsand peasants upon the modern Malay frontier, whose labour and connected histories are yet to be written.

scholarly journals A PRODUÇÃO DO ESPAÇO E O TURISMO EM CAROLINA - MARANHÃO, BRASIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Gisselly Poliana Santos Muniz ◽  
Claudio Eduardo De Castro
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Del Rio

THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND TOURISM IN CAROLINA - MARANHÃOLA PRODUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO Y EL TURISMO EN CAROLINA - MARANHÃORESUMONeste artigo apresenta-se o contexto de Carolina, Maranhão, ante o turismo de natureza que pensa-se ecoturístico, cujos resultados se refletem no social e ambiental do espaço geográfico, o qual possui uma dinâmica de ocupação e de produção e (re)produção envolto de aspectos históricos que o consolidaram dentro da história do Estado. Outrora identificado por ser um importante entreposto comercial do rio Tocantins, apresenta atualmente outros usos, que agregam nova valorização ao espaço do município, a exemplo do turismo. A metodologia adotada para a compreensão desse processo incluiu além da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o levantamento de campo e cartográfico, e entrevistas. Os resultados mostraram que o turismo em Carolina é uma das principais atividades econômicas e que tem crescido apesar dos problemas de ordenamento territorial, infraestrutura, degradação de ambientes naturais e aumento no número de atrativos nos últimos anos sem planejamento ou gestão que garantam um uso racional focado em sustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, foi possível concluir que a atividade turística é de suma importância para a economia municipal, mas que precisa da aplicação de políticas públicas para a organização do uso e cooperação entre os agentes da atividade.Palavras-chave: Turismo; Espaço; Carolina-MA.ABSTRACTThis article presents the context in Carolina, Maranhão, before the tourism of nature that is thought to be ecotourism, whose results are reflected in the social and environmental of the geographic space, which has a dynamic of occupation and production and (re)production of the space surrounded by historical aspects that consolidated it within the history of the State of Maranhão. Previously identified as an important commercial warehouse on the Tocantins River, it currently presents other uses, which add new value to the city's space, such as tourism. The methodology adopted to understand this process included bibliographical and documentary review, field and cartographic survey, and interviews. The results showed that tourism in Carolina is one of the main economic activities and that it has grown with problems of territorial planning, degradation of natural environments and increase in the number of attractions in recent years without planning. In this sense, it was possible to conclude that the activity is of great importance for the municipal economy, but that it needs the application of public policies for the organization of the use by the tourism and cooperation between the agents of the activity.Keywords: Turism; Space; Carolina-MA.RESUMENEn este artículo se presenta el contexto del turismo de naturaleza en Carolina, cuyos resultados se reflejan en los aspectos sociales y ambientales del espacio geográfico. Antes identificado por ser un importante almacén comercial del río Tocantins, presenta actualmente otros usos, como el turístico, que agregan una nueva valorización al espacio del municipio. La metodología adoptada para la comprensión de este proceso incluyó la revisión bibliográfica y documental, levantamiento de campo y cartográfico, y realización de entrevistas. Los resultados mostraron que el turismo en Carolina es una de las principales actividades económicas y que ha crecido con problemas de ordenación territorial, degradación de ambientes naturales y aumento en el número de atractivos en los últimos años sin planificación. En ese sentido, fue posible concluir que la actividad es de suma importancia para la economía municipal, pero que necesita la aplicación de políticas públicas para la organización del uso del espacio por parte del turismo y la cooperación entre los agentes de la actividad.Palabras clave: Turismo; Espacio; Carolina-MA.

scholarly journals History of the Moluccan's Cloves as a Global Commodity

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Hatib Abdul Kadir
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Spice Trade

Abstract This paper focuses on the history of spice trade in Moluccas. Using two main approaches of firstly, Braudel, I intend to examine the histoty of spice trade in Moluccas in the 16th century in relation with the changing of the structure of economy that affected the social and political relations of the Moluccans. Secondly, applying Wallerstein approaches, I find out that trading activities from the 16th century until today have created a wide gap between post-colonial Moluccas and the Europeans. To conclude, I argue that economic activities have always been accompanied by forcing political power, such as monopoly and military power. Consequently, they have created unequal relations between the state and society

Setting the Scene: The World of a Late Medieval Middling Scholar

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-63
Author(s):  
Konrad Hirschler
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This chapter writes the social history of a scholar of late Mamluk Damascus who was a highly prolific writer, but never part of the social elite of his city. It moves away from the unhelpful term ‘religious scholar’ and considers in detail how such a middling scholar was able to sustain a sprawling family by a range of economic activities. That his books were hardly copied and hardly circulated was to a large extent linked to the fact that he was the last dinosaur of a mode of scholarship that was on the verge of disappearing, post-canonical hadith scholarship.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

The problem of periodization of the history of religion

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.

PENGARUH PENYELENGGARAAN HAJI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS EKONOMl DI WILAYAH PROPINSI DKI JAKARTA

ALQALAM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Chairul Akmal
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This research analyzes some factors affecting economic activities in relation with the conduct of pilgrimage. Those factors are the pilgrimage cost, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers. The objective of this research is to acquire the information of how each factor and all factors together affect the economic activities. This research also analyzes the effect of foods and drinks expenses, the effect of nonfoods and drinks expenses, and the effect of miscellaneous expenses on UMKM - Micro, Small, Medium enterprises' economic activities.             This research is conducted in DKI Jakarta in 2007. The population of this research is the average economic activities in DKI Jakarta in 2007. There are 42 respondents (Banks), 157 respondents (travel agencies), and 50 respondents (UMKM - Micro, Small, Medium enterprises) which are taken as samples from the population using the purposive sampling method. The data is obtained by the researcher using questioners and secondary data which is taken from 1990-2007.             The methodology used in this research is based on. the causal relationship model In testing the hypothesis of this research, the researcher uses the simple and multiple regression methods, and path analysis method. The significant rate a = 0,05 used in determining the interpretation of the statistic result. The data is processed using SPSS (Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences) version 12.00.             The results of the analysis in the 1st equation -are (i) the effect of the pilgrimage cost on banks' revenues is quite strong, (ii) the effect of the pilgrimage cost on travel agencies' revenues is quite strong, (iii) the effect of the pilgrimage cost on UMKM - Micro, Small, Medium enterprises' revenues is weak.             The results of the analysis in the 2nd equation are (i) the effect, of the amount of pilgrims on Banks' revenues is very weak, (ii) the effect of the amount of pilgrims on travel agencies' revenues is very weak, (iii) the effect of the amount of pilgrims on UMKM - Micro, Smal4 Medium enterprises' revenues is very weak.             The results of the analysis in the 3rd equation are (i) the effect of the amount of pilgrimage officers on banks' revenues is very weak, (ii) the effect of the amount of pilgrimage officers on travel agencies' revenues is very weak, (iii) the effect of the amount officers on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is very weak.   The results of the analysis in the 4th equation are (i) the effect of all three factors which are the pilgrimage cost, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers simultaneously on banks' revenues is very strong, (ii) The effect of all three factors which are pilgrimage costs, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers simultaneously on travel agencies' revenues is strong, (iii) The effect of all three factors which are pilgrimage costs, the amount of pilgrims, and the amount of pilgrimage officers simultaneously on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is strong.             The result of the analysis in the 5th equation is the effect of foods and drinks expenses on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is weak. In the 6th equation, the effect of nonfoods and drinks expenses on UMKM-Micro, small Medium enterprises' revenues is weak. In the 7th equation, the effect of miscellaneous expenses on UMKM - Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is quite strong. In the 8th equation, the effect of all three factors which are the effect of foods and drinks expenses, the effect of nonfoods and drinks expenses, and the effect of miscellaneous expenses simultaneously on UMKM-Micro, Small Medium enterprises' revenues is quite strong.             The implication of the research results mentioned above is the factors in the conduct of pilgrimage do increase the economic activities (Banks, Travel Agencies, and UMKM - Micro, Smal4 Medium enterprises) in DKI Jakarta. Therefore, considering that matter, the General Director of the conduct of pilgrimage division of Department of Religion Republic of Indonesia should determine the pilgrimage cost which is affordable, increase the service, and provide a good information system which will result in a better conduct of the pilgrimage. Key word: The Costs of Hajj, Hajj Officer, Travel Agency, UMKM

Early Cinema in Scotland

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Early Cinema ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Audience

This collection of essays, drawn from a three-year AHRC research project, provides a detailed context for the history of early cinema in Scotland from its inception in 1896 till the arrival of sound in the early 1930s. It details the movement from travelling fairground shows to the establishment of permanent cinemas, and from variety and live entertainment to the dominance of the feature film. It addresses the promotion of cinema as a socially ‘useful’ entertainment, and, distinctively, it considers the early development of cinema in small towns as well as in larger cities. Using local newspapers and other archive sources, it details the evolution and the diversity of the social experience of cinema, both for picture goers and for cinema staff. In production, it examines the early attempts to establish a feature film production sector, with a detailed production history of Rob Roy (United Films, 1911), and it records the importance, both for exhibition and for social history, of ‘local topicals’. It considers the popularity of Scotland as an imaginary location for European and American films, drawing their popularity from the international audience for writers such as Walter Scott and J.M. Barrie and the ubiquity of Scottish popular song. The book concludes with a consideration of the arrival of sound in Scittish cinemas. As an afterpiece, it offers an annotated filmography of Scottish-themed feature films from 1896 to 1927, drawing evidence from synopses and reviews in contemporary trade journals.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McElvenny
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

This chapter sets the scene for the case studies that follow in the rest of the book by characterising the ‘age of modernism’ and identifying problems relating to language and meaning that arose in this context. Emphasis is laid on the social and political issues that dominated the era, in particular the rapid developments in technology, which inspired both hope and fear, and the international political tensions that led to the two World Wars. The chapter also sketches the approach to historiography taken in the book, interdisciplinary history of ideas.

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