The Relation of Elite, Sub-Elite, and Village Community in Maintaining the Masra Family Dynasty in Gapurana Village, Sumenep Regency: Study on the H. Andiwarto Regime in 2013-2019

This research focuses on the relation of elite H. Andiwarto with sub-elite and village community in maintaining Masra family dynasty for village head position. Masra family dynasty has run for a long time. For 150 years, Masra family descendants occupy the village head position. The survival of Masra family dynasty in the Gapurana Village Government is studied in the relation of H. Andiwarto, who is Masra descendant with sub-elite and village community to maintain Masra family descendant dynasty as a village head. This research used a qualitative method with descriptive research type. The elite theory proposed by Suzanne Keller was used to analyze the relation of elite, sub-elite, and the community. This theory has 4 (four) indicators: the governing elite, the ruling elite, the not ruling elite, and the community. Based on these indicators and the results of this research, the relation built by H. Andiwarto in maintaining Masra family dynasti consists of three relations: relation with the political elite, relation with economic elite, and relation with the social elite. The political elite’s relationship is vital in maintaining the Masra family descendant dynasty. In contrast, the relation between the economic elite and the social elite supports relations for keeping the legitimacy of the village community towards Masra descendants.

“Die Empörten Weiber”: Gender, Authority and Protestant Modernism in Jeremiah 44

Because of Protestant modernism’s reconstrual of older Protestant views of inspiration around the Romantic notion of the male charismatic prophet, it unintentionally opened doors for the latent gender inequality of its misogynist cultural context when interpreting female religious activity in the prophets. Because of Protestant modernism’s inability to distinguish itself from its 19th-20th century social elite status, it can end up enabling gender stereotypes of its time and thus engage in unexamined gender bias. Vestiges at times remain in literature that assumes the non- or reduced agency of women in Israelite religion. This is a case study in one of the founders of historical-critical Jeremiah study, Sigmund Mowinckel, focusing not on Protestant modernism broadly but rather on Mowinckel’s clear expression of the modernist Protestant notion of the inspiration of sacred speech.

Spread of Information About Urban Elberfeld Social Care System in Riga (Late 19th – Early 20th Century)

Paper analyses the principles of poor relief of Elberfeld social care system that spread outside the Prussian Empire and Baltic provinces were among of the first territories of Russian Empire, where those ideas emerged. Urbanised and industrialised Riga was one of the empire’s cities where the system was incorporated. It was the first level of developing a future national social care policy in Latvia after 1918. The paper aims to restore the term and achievements of the Elberfeld system known to the social elite before the Soviet occupation when this term disappeared from academic research.

‘Your’s Truly’: The Creation and Consumption of Commercial Tourist Portraits

There is a long history of tourists substantiating their visits to a destination through the purchase of portraits that show them against a backdrop of the local setting. While its initial expression in the form of paintings was confined to the social elite who could afford to commission and sit for an artist, the advent of photography democratized the process, enabling the aspiring middle classes to partake in the custom. While some tourists took their own photographs, the majority relied on local photographers who offered their services in studio and open-air settings. Smaller-sized images, such as Cartes de Visite (2.5″ × 4″) and Cabinet Cards (4.5″ × 6.5″), could be enclosed with letters to family and social circles, thus providing proof of visits while the voyage was still in progress. The development of picture postcards as a postal item in the 1890s, coupled with the manufacture of precut photographic paper with preprinted address fields, revolutionized tourist portraiture. Photographers could set-up outside tourist attractions, where tourists could have their portrait taken with formulaic framing against a canonized background. Efficient production flows meant that tourists could pick up their printed portraits, ready for mailing within an hour. Using examples of San Marc’s Basilica in Venice (Italy), as well as Ostrich Farms in California and Florida (U.S.A.), this paper contextualizes the production and consumption of such commercial tourist portraits as objects of social validation. It discusses their ability to situate the visitor in locales iconic of the destination, substantiating their presence and validating their experience. Given the speed of production (within an hour) and their ability to be immediately mailed through the global postal network, such images were the precursor of the modern-day ‘selfies’ posted on social media.

GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE IDEOLOGY OF ABSOLUTISM

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the grammatical system of the French language in the XVII century, during the golden age of the absolute monarchy. The analysis of the influence of the socio-political system on the changes in the French grammar of that time is carried out. In this century of authoritarian and centralized state organization, it was the grammars who shaped the language to their mind. The reign of Louis XIV created more than a hundred professional grammatical censors, thanks to whom the French language survived the era of "distinction" and consolidation. It is noted that participants of salons and court linguists such as Malherbe, Vaugelas, Chifflet, Maupas, Arnauld and Lancelot and others were engaged in organizing the French language. Each grammarian offers his own vision of the motives that must precede the adoption of a rule. It was found that in the era that is considered classic, two tendencies of grammatical transformations coexisted: the development of correct practical grammar, which contributed to the development of the social elite, and the development of analytical grammar, which drew its material from philosophy and logic. Grammarians mostly pursue the idea of perfect grammar with uniform and absolute rules.

La enseñanza de las matemáticas en el proyecto civilizatorio y el progreso técnico en Colombia

En este artículo se resalta el valor que tuvo en el país la educación técnica y científica a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX, en particular, el papel que jugó la enseñanza de las ciencias y de las matemáticas en la conformación de la conciencia de nación en los procesos de la civilización que condujeron a la conformación del Estado colombiano. Para conseguir este propósito, en primer lugar se hará una síntesis conceptual atendiendo a las categorías de pensamiento del sociólogo alemán Norbert Elías (2012); principalmente lo que tiene que ver con la noción de figuración y los procesos de larga duración, la estructuración de la conducta (psicogénesis) y de los procesos sociales (sociogénesis). También es importante considerar lo que se ha denominado como los institutos de monopolios de violencia en el proceso de la civilización. En segundo lugar se hará un análisis del proceso de la civilización en nuestro país, acerca de lo que se consideró educación técnica y científica en las profesiones prácticas. En este contexto se dará cuanta a partir de archivos históricos, de qué manera, la enseñanza de las ciencias modernas y de las matemáticas, en nuestro sistema educativo acompaño la instauración de un nuevo orden social y político. Con este análisis se busca adicionalmente, visibilizar algunos patrones culturales, hábitos y costumbres que se fueron pasando de generación en generación: unas veces por las pautas de crianza en la familia, otras por la generación de normas en la escuela o simplemente como parte de su condición de clase social (elite y clase proletaria). Se espera aportar en la comprensión de cómo se fue dando en el país la constitución de los nuevos ciudadanos y del modelo de sociedad y cultura colombiana.

Irony in communicative behaviour of Elite in Edwardian Britain

The article is devoted to the analysis of little-studied specific in functioning of irony in the speech of English social elite. The aim of the study is to conduct sociolinguistic analysis of Julian Fellowes’s TV series script "Downton Abbey" to identify the language markers of irony, used by English aristocrats in the early XXth century, describe tactics and types of speech acts attached to irony, its impact on communicants. The main methods used in the study include sociolinguistic analysis of character's speech by means of sociolinguistic categories. Analysis of the contexts, where irony is used, allowed us to come to conclusion that the information plan of the ironic statement is expressed implicitly, includes methods of labeling, devaluation of interlocutor’s merits, humiliation, and mockery by means of hyperbolic metaphor, ironic pejorative, allusion and antithesis. The data, obtained in the process of research, can be used in the course of intercultural communication, stylistics, translation and semiotics.

Prologue

‘Prologue’ provides a background on Henry James’s writing, the hallmarks of which are aesthetic self-consciousness and a focus on the conventions and etiquette of the social elite. James is considered to be among the greatest English-language novelists. He specialized in profound portraits of human character, the relations between genders, and moral conflicts. He wrote with extraordinary insight about women and girls, and about the power conferred by money and the vulnerability conferred by lacking it.

Károly Pál Pálffy and the Dear “Familia”

The Pálffys were among the wealthiest and most influential families in the Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy. The family owed its arrival in the political, economic, and social elite to Miklós Pálffy (1552–1600), the “hero of Győr.” His descendants obtained the highest offices in Hungary—Pál Pálffy (1592–1653) became chief justice and palatine—and filled important positions in the Imperial Court in Vienna (Pál Pálffy became a member of the Privy Council). In the first half of the eighteenth century, the Pálffys excelled primarily in military service; however, multiple wars led to the near extinction of the male branch of the family as numerous young Pálffy men lost their lives on the battlefield. Despite these serious losses, the family managed to preserve its prominent position in the Kingdom of Hungary and the Viennese court: Palatines Miklós Pálffy and János Pálffy belonged to the innermost circle of advisers to Charles III and Maria Theresa. Maintaining appearances in court, however, was enormously costly for the Pálffy family. Moreover, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the family procured their largest estates; in the eighteenth century, rather than acquiring estates, the family faced a mounting burden of debt. János Pálffy attempted to solve the problem in his will by changing the legal status of the central estate, the castle of Červený Kameň (Vöröskő, Rotenstein), to an entail (mostly referred to as Fideicommissum in European legal terminology). The result was decades of strife amongst his descendants, who did not find the entailment of Červený Kameň personally advantageous since the property could not be divided or alienated. The Pálffy family lawsuits were not unique in the eighteenth century; during the same period, the Zichys were also embroiled in family litigation. This study examines the longstanding feud that began in 1749 through the lens of family letters, providing a perspective on family history and contemporary attitudes. This study is part of wider research on the history of lawsuits and makes it possible to place the eighteenth-century legal disputes of the Hungarian nobility in a broader Central European and even European context.