scholarly journals Consumption of bioactive molecules protecting from necrotising enterocolitis in premature newborns receiving natural or pasteurised human milk

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (OCE5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Garcia ◽  
R. D. Duan ◽  
S. Confort Gouny ◽  
V. Millet ◽  
C. Gire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Premature Newborns

scholarly journals Digestion, fermentation, and pathogen anti-adhesive properties of the hMO-mimic di-fucosyl-β-cyclodextrin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella A. Verkhnyatskaya ◽  
Chunli Kong ◽  
Cynthia E. Klostermann ◽  
Henk Schols ◽  
Paul de Vos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Adhesive Properties

Human milk is widely acknowledged as the best food for infants, and that is not just because of nutritional features. Human milk also contains a plethora of bioactive molecules, including...

scholarly journals Human milk feeding and cognitive outcome in preterm infants: the role of infection and NEC reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winok Lapidaire ◽  
Alan Lucas ◽  
Jonathan D. Clayden ◽  
Chris Clark ◽  
Mary S. Fewtrell
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Verbal Iq

Abstract Background Breast milk has been associated with lower risk of infection and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and improved long-term cognitive outcomes in preterm infants but, if unsupplemented, does not meet the nutritional requirements of preterm infants. Methods Preterm infants were randomised to receive a high nutrient intervention diet: preterm formula (PTF) or the standard diet: term formula (TF) or banked donor breast milk (BBM), either as their sole diet or as supplement to maternal breast milk (MBM). IQ tests were performed at ages 7, 15, 20, and 30 years. Results An increase in MBM and BBM intake was associated with a lower chance of neonatal infection/NEC. Neonatal infection/NEC was associated with lower Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) score at ages 7 and 30 years. The relationship between higher intake of MBM and PIQ at age 7 years was partly mediated by neonatal infection/NEC. The intervention diet was associated with higher Verbal IQ (VIQ) scores compared to the standard diet. There was no evidence that these effects changed from childhood through to adulthood. Conclusions Neonatal diet is an important modifiable factor that can affect long-term cognitive outcome through a ‘human milk’ factor, protecting against infection/NEC, and a ‘nutrient content’ factor. Impact This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of neonatal infection/necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) on IQ in the same cohort in childhood and adulthood. Diet can be a key factor in long-term cognitive outcome in people born preterm by preventing neonatal infection/NEC and providing adequate nutrients. Human milk, whether MBM or BBM, is associated with a reduced risk of infection/NEC. A higher nutrient diet is associated with better cognitive outcome in childhood. Performance IQ is particularly vulnerable to the effects of infection/NEC and verbal IQ to the quantity of (macro)nutrients in the diet.

scholarly journals Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides program cognitive development through a non-genomic transmission mode

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Hauser ◽  
Edoardo Pisa ◽  
Alejandro Arias Vásquez ◽  
Flavio Tomasi ◽  
Alice Traversa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Eye Opening

AbstractBreastmilk contains bioactive molecules essential for brain and cognitive development. While sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been implicated in phenotypic programming, their selective role and underlying mechanisms remained elusive. Here, we investigated the long-term consequences of a selective lactational deprivation of a specific sialylated HMO in mice. We capitalized on a knock-out (KO) mouse model (B6.129-St6gal1tm2Jxm/J) lacking the gene responsible for the synthesis of sialyl(alpha2,6)lactose (6′SL), one of the two sources of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) to the lactating offspring. Neu5Ac is involved in the formation of brain structures sustaining cognition. To deprive lactating offspring of 6′SL, we cross-fostered newborn wild-type (WT) pups to KO dams, which provide 6′SL-deficient milk. To test whether lactational 6′SL deprivation affects cognitive capabilities in adulthood, we assessed attention, perseveration, and memory. To detail the associated endophenotypes, we investigated hippocampal electrophysiology, plasma metabolomics, and gut microbiota composition. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we assessed gene expression (at eye-opening and in adulthood) in two brain regions mediating executive functions and memory (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, PFC). Compared to control mice, WT offspring deprived of 6′SL during lactation exhibited consistent alterations in all cognitive functions addressed, hippocampal electrophysiology, and in pathways regulating the serotonergic system (identified through gut microbiota and plasma metabolomics). These were associated with a site- (PFC) and time-specific (eye-opening) reduced expression of genes involved in central nervous system development. Our data suggest that 6′SL in maternal milk adjusts cognitive development through a short-term upregulation of genes modulating neuronal patterning in the PFC.

scholarly journals Minimal short-term effect of dietary 2'-fucosyllactose on bacterial colonisation, intestinal function and necrotising enterocolitis in preterm pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 834-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malene S. Cilieborg ◽  
Stine B. Bering ◽  
Mette V. Østergaard ◽  
Michael L. Jensen ◽  
Łukasz Krych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Digestive Function ◽  
Brush Border Enzyme

AbstractHuman milk decreases the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a severe gastrointestinal disease that occurs in 5–10 % of preterm infants. The prebiotic and immune-modulatory effects of milk oligosaccharides may contribute to this protection. Preterm pigs were used to test whether infant formula enriched with α1,2-fucosyllactose (2'-FL, the most abundant oligosaccharide in human milk) would benefit gut microbial colonisation and NEC resistance after preterm birth. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were fed formula (Controls, n 17) or formula with 5 g/l 2'-FL (2'-FL, n 16) for 5 d; eight 2'-FL pigs (50 %) and twelve Controls (71 %) developed NEC, with no difference in lesion scores (P=0·35); 2'-FL pigs tended to have less anaerobic bacteria in caecal contents (P=0·22), but no difference in gut microbiota between groups were observed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation and 454 pyrosequencing. Abundant α1,2-fucose was detected in the intestine with no difference between groups, and intestinal structure (villus height, permeability) and digestive function (hexose absorption, brush border enzyme activities) were not affected by 2'-FL. Formula enrichment with 2'-FL does not affect gut microbiology, digestive function or NEC sensitivity in pigs within the first few days after preterm birth. Milk 2'-FL may not be critical in the immediate postnatal period of preterm neonates when gut colonisation and intestinal immunity are still immature.

scholarly journals The human milk oligosaccharide disialyllacto-N-tetraose prevents necrotising enterocolitis in neonatal rats

Gut ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1417-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Jantscher-Krenn ◽  
Monica Zherebtsov ◽  
Caroline Nissan ◽  
Kerstin Goth ◽  
Yigit S Guner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide

Current recommendations regarding the natural nutrition of premature newborns including fortification of human milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Barbara Królak-Olejnik ◽  
Matylda Czosnykowska-Łukacka ◽  
Igor Olejnik
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Newborns

scholarly journals The human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose attenuates the severity of experimental necrotising enterocolitis by enhancing mesenteric perfusion in the neonatal intestine

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 1175-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misty Good ◽  
Chhinder P. Sodhi ◽  
Yukihiro Yamaguchi ◽  
Hongpeng Jia ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mucosal Blood Flow ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Mesenteric Perfusion ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide

AbstractNecrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a common disease in premature infants characterised by intestinal ischaemia and necrosis. The only effective preventative strategy against NEC is the administration of breast milk, although the protective mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesise that an abundant human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) in breast milk, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), protects against NEC by enhancing intestinal mucosal blood flow, and we sought to determine the mechanisms underlying this protection. Administration of HMO-2′FL protected against NEC in neonatal wild-type mice, resulted in a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers and preserved the small intestinal mucosal architecture. These protective effects occurred via restoration of intestinal perfusion through up-regulation of the vasodilatory molecule endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), as administration of HMO-2′FL toeNOS-deficient mice or to mice that received eNOS inhibitors did not protect against NEC, and by 16S analysis HMO-2′FL affected the microbiota of the neonatal mouse gut, although these changes do not seem to be the primary mechanism of protection. Induction of eNOS by HMO-2′FL was also observed in cultured endothelial cells, providing a link between eNOS and HMO in the endothelium. These data demonstrate that HMO-2′FL protects against NEC in part through maintaining mesenteric perfusion via increased eNOS expression, and suggest that the 2′FL found in human milk may be mediating some of the protective benefits of breast milk in the clinical setting against NEC.

Human milk oligosaccharide composition predicts risk of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Gut ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe A Autran ◽  
Benjamin P Kellman ◽  
Jae H Kim ◽  
Elizabeth Asztalos ◽  
Arlin B Blood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control

ObjectiveNecrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common and often fatal intestinal disorders in preterm infants. Markers to identify at-risk infants as well as therapies to prevent and treat NEC are limited and urgently needed. NEC incidence is significantly lower in breast-fed compared with formula-fed infants. Infant formula lacks human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), such as disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), which prevents NEC in neonatal rats. However, it is unknown if DSLNT also protects human preterm infants.DesignWe conducted a multicentre clinical cohort study and recruited 200 mothers and their very low birthweight infants that were predominantly human milk-fed. We analysed HMO composition in breast milk fed to infants over the first 28 days post partum, matched each NEC case with five controls and used logistic regression and generalised estimating equation to test the hypothesis that infants who develop NEC receive milk with less DSLNT than infants who do not develop NEC.ResultsEight infants in the cohort developed NEC (Bell stage 2 or 3). DSLNT concentrations were significantly lower in almost all milk samples in NEC cases compared with controls, and its abundance could identify NEC cases prior to onset. Aggregate assessment of DSLNT over multiple days enhanced the separation of NEC cases and control subjects.ConclusionsDSLNT content in breast milk is a potential non-invasive marker to identify infants at risk of developing NEC, and screen high-risk donor milk. In addition, DSLNT could serve as a natural template to develop novel therapeutics against this devastating disorder.

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