On the Excretory System and Life History of Lecithodendrium chilostomum (Mehl.) and other Bat Trematodes, with a Note on the Life History of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi)

Parasitology ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Dicrocoelium Dendriticum ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

1. The life history of Lecithodendrium chilostomum has been established; C. Lecithodendrii chilostomi penetrates a second intermediate host, the larva of Phryganea grandis, and unlike other stylet cercariae does not encyst, but feeds and grows in the host tissue as a mobile metacercaria. During pupation of the host in the following year these mobile forms migrate from the abdominal segments of the larva to the thorax, where they then encyst in the thoracic muscles in which they are also found in the imago. The largest metacercariae and the excysted worms are typical early adult Lecithodendrium chilostomum. No case of progenesis in the metacercaria was found.2. It is estimated that the maximum swarming of the cercariae probably occurs during July, when first penetration of the intermediate host takes place. Subsequent diminished swarming and penetration proceed until November. The life of the larval trematode as a mobile metacercaria is approximately 8 months; the imagines of Phryganea grandis emerge during May and June, the infective period for the final host.3. The metacercariae are not distributed throughout the body cavity of their larval host, but the majority are confined to the three posterior segments.4. Limnophilus rhombicus may also serve as a second intermediate host, but the infection is very light and the metacercariae do not encyst during pupation of this host.5. The excretory system has been determined in all stages of Lecithodendrium chilostomum; it is of the 2 (6 × 2) type. The occurrence of this type of system in other groups of cercariae is reviewed and since it is found in several widely separated families, it is suggested that its presence does not necessarily imply relationship, but is due to convergence.6. The life histories of the following bat trematodes are indicated: Lecitho-dendrium lagena, Plagiorchis vespertilionis and Crepidostomum moeticus.7. The life history of Dicrocoelium dendriticum is discussed.

On the life history of Ascaris devosi and its development in the white mouse and the domestic ferret

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 244-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
History Of

The development of Ascaris devosi, a parasite of the fisher and marten, was followed from the egg to the adult stage using the white mouse and the ferret as the intermediate and final hosts respectively. The eggs contained motile 1st stage larvae 6 days after cleavage and were infective at 12 days, the 1st moult having already occurred. The eggs remained infective for at least 1 year. The 2nd stage larva after hatching from the egg in the intestine of the mouse passes through the intestinal wall to the liver and mesenteric tissues. At 3 days after infection they were recovered from the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys and from the carcass. The larvae grow and store food material during the 2nd stage and between 8 and 12 days after infection they undergo the 2nd moult. The mouse shows the most severe pulmonary symptoms on the 3rd and 4th days after infection, the lungs showing complete red hepatization at this time. The 3rd stage larva is relatively inactive and becomes encapsulated in various tissues, particularly in the muscular and subcutaneous tissues of the neck, shoulders and thorax. The chief developmental changes, apart from growth, which occur in the 2nd and 3rd stage larvae are: (i) the intestine develops from a single row of cells to a multi-cellular tube; (ii) the body cavity appears; (iii) the excretory lobes appear, the nucleus on the left side becoming prominent at the end of the 2nd stage; (iv) the cuticle shows transverse striations at the end of the 2nd stage; (v) the lateral lines become prominent.The encapsulated 3rd stage larvae remained alive for at least six months in the tissues of mice and at 25 days after infection of the mouse they were able to develop in the young ferret following killing and ingestion of the mouse. No infection of ferrets was obtained through oral administration of embryonated eggs or 3rd stage larvae digested from mouse tissues.The 3rd moult occurred in the intestine of the young ferret 3–4 days after infection; in adult ferrets the 3rd stage larvae were evidently unable to gain a hold and were passed out in the faeces. In the next 2–3 weeks the larva grew from about 2 to 16 mm. the 4th moult occurring between 2 and 3 weeks after infection. During the 4th stage the lips develop into the adult form and sexual differentiation occurs. In the female the genital rudiment moves forward and becomes differentiated into the vagina, uteri and ovaries. The vulva remains closed throughout the 4th stage.The adult parasites had developed to sexual maturity by 56 days after infection, but they continued to grow and were considerably longer at 6 months after infection. The position of the vulva relative to the body length was found to move from about midway along the body in the 4th stage larva to a position at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the body in the mature adult.The life history of this parasite is discussed in relation to that of A. lumbricoides and other species. It is considered that the life history of A. devosi, requiring as it does a true intermediate host for its completion, provides further information on the evolutionary development of the ascaris group. This work accordingly supports the hypothesis that the earliest members of this group utilized an intermediate host and does not support that which supposes that ascaris parasites are descended from skin-penetrating forms.During this investigation the writer has benefited considerably from correspondence with Dr J. D. Tiner, Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. His thanks are also due to Dr H. B. Speakman and Dr A. M. Fallis for their encouragement, guidance and help.This work was supported by the Province of Ontario on the recommendation of the Research Council of Ontario.Grateful acknowledgement is made to Mr Cliff Smith of the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories of the University of Toronto for photographic work.

Life cycles of species of Proteocephalus, parasites of fishes in the Palearctic Region: a review

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Planktonic Crustaceans ◽  
Fish Hosts

The life cycles of species of Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) parasitizing fishes in the Palearctic Region are reviewed on the basis of literary data and personal experimental observations, with special attention being paid to the development within the intermediate and definitive hosts. Planktonic crustaceans, diaptomid or cyclopid copepods (Copepoda), serve as the only intermediate hosts of all Proteocephalus species considered. A metacestode, or procercoid, develops in the body cavity of these planktonic crustaceans and the definitive host, a fish, becomes infected directly after consuming them. No previous reports of the parenteral location of metacestodes within the second intermediate host as it is in the Nearctic species P. ambloplitis have been recorded. Thus, the life cycles of Proteocephalus tapeworms resemble in their general patterns those of some pseudophyllidean cestodes such as Eubothrium or Bothriocephalus, differing from the latter in the presence of a floating eggs instead of possessing an operculate egg from which a ciliated, freely swimming larva, a coracidium, is liberated. The scolex of Proteocephalus is already formed at the stage of the procercoid within the copepod intermediate host; in this feature, proteocephalideans resemble caryophyllidean rather than pseudophyllidean cestodes. The morphology of procercoids of individual species is described with respect to the possibility of their differentiation and data on the spectrum of intermediate hosts are summarized. Procercoids of most taxa have a cercomer, which does not contain embryonic hooks in contrast to most pseudophyllidean cestodes. The role of invertebrates (alder-fly larvae — Megaloptera) and small prey fishes feeding upon plankton in the transmission of Proteocephalus tapeworms still remains unclear but these hosts are likely to occur in the life cycle. Data on the establishment of procercoids in definitive hosts, morphogenesis of tapeworms within fish hosts, and the length of the prepatent period are still scarce and new observations are needed. Whereas extensive information exists on the development of P. longicollis (syns. P. exiguus and P. neglectus), almost no data are available on the ontogeny of other taxa, in particular those occurring in brackish waters (P. gobiorum, P. tetrastomus). The morphology of P. cernuae and P. osculatus procercoids from experimentally infected intermediate hosts is described for the first time.

STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: IV. THE LIFE OF TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL IN THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST

1945 ◽  
Vol 23d (4) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Pyloric Caeca ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

The plerocercoids of Triaenophorus crassus encyst normally in the flesh of fishes of the genus Leucichthys; the whitefishes, Coregonus clupeaformis and Prosopium oregonium, are common alternative hosts in Lesser Slave Lake. Elsewhere lake trout, Cristivomer namaycush, and possibly the inconnu, Stenodus leucichthys, may occasionally serve as hosts.The procercoids arrive in the stomach of their second intermediate host while in the body cavity of Cyclops bicuspidatus. When they are liberated by digestion, the majority apparently enter pyloric caeca, penetrate these, cross the body cavity, and enter the flesh, where encystment as the plerocercoid takes place. The evidence for these movements is only partial. The plerocercoids encyst in the flesh in July each year. They remain three or four years and then disappear by drying up or being reduced to small calcareous nodules.The number of plerocercoids per fish increases with the age of the fish up to five or six years.

scholarly journals Considerations on the Life-history of Tapeworms of the Genus Moniezia

Parasitology ◽  
1922 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 268-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Flattely
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Lambs contract Moniezia infection either at or very soon after birth, since they have been observed to harbour adult worms at 2–3 months old and in one case, to pass proglottids at 4–6 weeks.The intermediate host, if such exists, must be frequent on the pasture in early spring, otherwise lambs would not be found to harbour adult tapeworms so regularly or in such numbers when slaughtered in early summer. In the small intestine of a lamb from 3–4 months old slaughtered at Aberystwyth, there occurred 75 individuals.The fact that lambs regularly harbour adult tapeworms before they are weaned suggests the possibility of their contracting the infection from the mother-ewes. No direct evidence in this direction has been obtained, however, and an attempt to produce a larval stage in the udder region of a ewe by feeding to it the eggs of a tapeworm proved abortive.Hitherto, all attempts to produce the adult tapeworms directly by feeding the eggs to sheep have failed; there is, however, the remote possibility that the eggs require to undergo some kind of maturation process outside the body of the sheep before they will develop. The fact that several species of Moniezia occur in the domestic sheep would seem to require an intermediate stage, which would occur in a corresponding number of intermediate-host species.The disease seems prevalent in flocks which are singularly free from ectoparasites.The invertebrates which seem most likely to harbour an intermediate stage are coprophagous insects, etc. (beetles, flies, mites). Attempts to infect species of Aphodius have nevertheless proved fruitless.Moisture favours the survival of the eggs of Moniezia: eggs kept in water for a period of several months seemed to remain perfectly viable. Nevertheless tapeworm is common among flocks on pastures about Rome which are characteristically dry.A comprehensive series of experiments under conditions of the most complete control would almost certainly clear up the life-history; on economic grounds alone the problem is urgent.The overwhelming majority of a quantity of worms collected from slaughter-houses in Aberystwyth, Aberdeen, Beauly (Inverness-shire) and Newcastle-on-Tyne proved to be of the species M. expansa. The only other species found were M. trigonophora and M. alba. The identification was based on anatomical characters and not on externals, which are useless.The writer intends directing his attention to coprophagous mites as carriers, viz. Gamasus coleoptratorum, G. fimetorum, Macrocheles glaber.

The Life History of Onesia accepta Malloch (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

Parasitology ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

The life history of Onesia accepta Mall. is described. This species is parasitic on the earthworm Microscolex dubius Fletcher. The first and second larval instars are passed under the skin and the third instar in the body cavity of the host. The feeding period of the maggot is approximately 20 days, and the pupal stage about 12 days.The external morphology of the three larval instars and of the puparium is described in detail.

scholarly journals A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Life History of Arenicola Marina L.

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Moon

The breeding season of the lugworms of the Whitstable area is a sharply defined one, extending for 14 days between the new moon and full moon spring tides in the second half of October. Spawning begins slowly and reaches a maximum at the intervening neap tides and then declines in intensity.Both eggs and sperms are discharged from the burrows at extreme low water to lie on the surface of the sand. Here fertilization occurs.No germ cells were detected in the body cavity from November to June, but from August onwards to the end of October 98% of the adult worms are ripe.At the end of the spawning period about 40% of the adults die.A brief description of gametogenesis and of the mature gametes is given.Germ cells are discharged through the nephridia.

Studies on the Life History of Panopistus pricei Sinitsin, 1931 [Trematoda]

Parasitology ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell H. Krull
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

The life history of Panopistus pricei, as determined experimentally, has been described, together with the life history stages, including the sporocyst, cercaria and metacercaria. The snail Zonitoides arboreus has been determined experimentally to be a first and second intermediate host of the parasite.

Trematode parasites of snails from Edgbaston Pool: the life history of the strigeid Cotylurus brevis Dubois & Rausch, 1950

Parasitology ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 551-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Planorbis Corneus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
First Time ◽  
Trematode Parasites

1. The life cycle of Cotylurus brevis Dubois and Rausch, from the cercaria to the adult, has been investigated for the first time by using laboratory-bred primary, secondary and definitive hosts. The holometabolic metamorphosis with the formation of a tetracotyle stage in a second intermediate host has been described in detail.2. The cercaria of C. brevis obtained from Lymnaea stagnalis in Edgbaston Pool has been found to be identical with Cercaria helvetica XXXIV Dubois from Lake Neuchâtel. The total number of flame cells in the cercaria is twenty, as opposed to the fourteen in the cercaria of Cotylurus cornutus Rudolphi (= ‘Strigea tarda’ described by Mathias (1925), Harper (1929, 1931) and Wesenberg-Lund (1934)).3. In nature the second intermediate host of Cotylurus brevis is Lymnaea stagnalis. Under experimental conditions L. pereger and L. auricularia were also found to act as second intermediate hosts, but neither Planorbis corneus, P. carinatus nor various leeches could act as second intermediate hosts.4. The tetracotyle stage of Cotylurus brevis is morphologically indistinguishable from the corresponding stage of other species of Cotylurus.

scholarly journals Eggshell and Histology Provide Insight on the Life History of a Pterosaur with Two Functional Ovaries

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1599-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOLIN WANG ◽  
ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER ◽  
XIN CHENG ◽  
SHUNXING JIANG ◽  
QIANG WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Layer ◽  
Medullary Bone ◽  
History Of

The counterpart of a previously described non-pterodactyloid pterosaur with an egg revealed the presence of a second egg inside the body cavity of this gravid female. It clearly shows that pterosaurs had two functional oviducts and demonstrates that the reduction of one oviduct was not a prerequisite for developing powered flight, at least in this group. Compositional analysis of one egg suggests the lack of a hard external layer of calcium carbonate. Histological sections of one femur lack medullary bone and further demonstrate that this pterosaur reached reproductive maturity before skeletal maturity. This study shows that pterosaurs laid eggs even smaller than previously thought and had a reproductive strategy more similar to basal reptiles than to birds. Whether pterosaurs were highly precocial or needed parental care is still open to debate.

The life-history of Archigetes limnodrili (Yamaguti) (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae) and its development in the invertebrate host

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Nature Conservancy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

The development of Archigetes limnodrili in species of Limnodrilus is described. There is no free-living larva and eggs are ingested by the tubificids. Growth and development is completed within the body cavity of the annelid, and egg liberation is accomplished by release of the parasite and decay of its body.Breeding of A. limnodrili takes place throughout the year. In the localities investigated there was no evidence that a fish host was required in the life-cycle. Progenesis was the only type of development encountered in Britain.A. limnodrili exhibits an unusual degree of host specificity, being found only in species of Limnodrilus. It is suggested that this is due to differences in the composition of the coelom or intestine of Limnodrilus compared to other genera.The degree of infection in all localities is very low, and shows no regular seasonal variation. There is no similarity in the seasonal changes in different localities.The relationship between the host and parasite is a stable one, and there is little mutual damage. Factors contributing to this stability are discussed.The development of A. limnodrili is compared with that of other species of Archigetes, and the life-history discussed with particular reference to the phenomenon of progenesis.I wish to thank Professor R. J. Pumphrey in whose Department this work was carried out, and Dr J. C. Chubb for his constant advice and criticism. I also wish to thank Dr K. H. Mann and the University of Reading for provision of specimens and permitting me the use of their facilities. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Nature Conservancy Research Studentship.

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