The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) showing that the sexes are not entirely separate as hitherto believed

Parasitology ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Harford Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Digenetic Trematodes

The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) is described in detail.An account is given of the integument and musculature of the worm and the structure of the cyst in which it is found, followed by a discussion of the body wall in other digenetic trematodes. The alimentary canal, excretory system, nervous system and genitalia are also described.The study shows that the sexes are not entirely separate in all members of the genus Köllikeria as hitherto believed.The systematic position of K. filicollis is discussed and a specific diagnosis is given for the species.

scholarly journals The visceral nervous system of the earthworm: I. Nerves controlling the tone of the alimentary canal

1943 ◽  
Vol 131 (864) ◽  
pp. 271-295 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
Pharyngeal Plexus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The alimentary canal of Lumbricus exhibits autonomous rhythmic movements, probably co-ordinated by nerve elements situated in its walls. The gut is subject to indirect control by extrinsic nerves which fall into two groups mutually antagonistic in their effects. Nerves which augment the tone of the gut muscles leave the central nervous system by the middle and posterior nerves of each segment and join nerve elements (apparently arranged as a plexus) situated in the peritoneum of the body wall, from which nerves pass to enter the gut by the ventro-lateral regions of each septum. Nerves which diminish the tone of the gut leave the central nervous system by the anterior, middle and posterior nerves of each segment and join nerve elements (also probably in the form of a plexus) situated in the muscular layer of the body wall, from which nerves arise to enter the gut via the dorso-lateral region of each septum. The alimentary canal receives another nerve supply from the peripharyngeal commissures of the central nervous system by means of a number of fine plexiform nerves partially embedded in the pharyngeal musculature of either side (pharyngeal plexus). The anatomical relationships of these nerves are described. The pharyngeal plexuses are shown to embody nerve elements which exert an indirect control over the gut, stimulation of these resulting in a fall in tone of all regions of the gut behind the pharynx. The nerve supply of the gut is compared with that which is known in other annelids, and the mechanism of indirect control is compared with that existing in vertebrates.

Gross anatomy of the muscle systems and associated innervation of Apatemon cobitidis proterorhini metacercaria (Trematoda: Strigeidea), as visualized by confocal microscopy

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. STEWART ◽  
A. MOUSLEY ◽  
B. KOUBKOVÁ ◽  
š. šEBELOVÁ ◽  
N. J. MARKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Oral Sucker ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Attachment Structures ◽  
A Site

The major muscle systems of the metacercaria of the strigeid trematode, Apatemon cobitidis proterorhini have been examined using phalloidin as a site-specific probe for filamentous actin. Regional differences were evident in the organization of the body wall musculature of the forebody and hindbody, the former comprising outer circular, intermediate longitudinal and inner diagonal fibres, the latter having the inner diagonal fibres replaced with an extra layer of more widely spaced circular muscle. Three orientations of muscle fibres (equatorial, meridional, radial) were discernible in the oral sucker, acetabulum and paired lappets. Large longitudinal extensor and flexor muscles project into the hindbody where they connect to the body wall or end blindly. Innervation to the muscle systems of Apatemon was examined by immunocytochemistry, using antibodies to known myoactive substances: the flatworm FMRFamide-related neuropeptide (FaRP), GYIRFamide, and the biogenic amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Strong immunostaining for both peptidergic and serotoninergic components was found in the central nervous system and confocal microscopic mapping of the distribution of these neuroactive substances revealed they occupied separate neuronal pathways. In the peripheral nervous system, GYIRFamide-immunoreactivity was extensive and, in particular, associated with the innervation of all attachment structures; serotoninergic fibres, on the other hand, were localized to the oral sucker and pharynx and to regions along the anterior margins of the forebody.

Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica L.

Parasitology ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Fatty Material ◽  
Adult Liver ◽  
Fat Globules

1. Careful search has failed to disclose the presence of flame cells in the excretory system of the adult liver fluke.2. Fat globules are produced in the walls of the excretory system, and are freed into the lumen, and thus to the exterior.3. These globules do not contain appreciable quantities of cholesterol, cholesterides or lipins, but may contain some unsaturated fatty material.4. The aqueous medium in which the globules float is either neutral or slightly alkaline.5. The distribution of reduced ascorbic acid has been investigated by the silver nitrate technique. This indicates that the main concentration occurs in the smaller vessels of the excretory system, and in the submuscular tissues of the body wall.

scholarly journals The Movements of the Proboscis in Glycera Dibranchiata Ehlers

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301
Author(s):  
G. P. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Glycera Dibranchiata ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Conduction

1. The gut of Glycera consists of (a) the buccal tube, (b) the pharynx, containing the jaws with their associated muscles and glands and the principal stomatogastric ganglia, (c) the oesophagus, leading from the pharynx to (d) the intestine, in which digestion occurs. 2. An "isolated extrovert" preparation is described, consisting of the buccal tube, pharynx and oesophagus. The movements of the buccal tube and oesophagus are recorded separately. The preparation has the following properties: (a) The buccal tube shows vigorous, rapid contractions with a somewhat irregular rhythm. These contractions are due to impulses coming forwards from the pharynx, the buccal tube itself having little power of spontaneous movement. (b) The oesophagus shows tone-waves, on which more rapid contractions of small amplitude may be superposed. These contractions and tone-waves are due to impulses originating in the wall of the oesophagus itself. (c) In a few preparations only, synchronous movements of buccal tube and oesophagus were seen. The site of origin of this synchronous activity was not determined. 3. An "extrovert-body wall" preparation is described, in which the movements of the body wall and buccal tube are separately recorded while the normal nervous conduction paths between them remain intact. The preparation has the following properties: (a) In most cases the body wall shows slight movements only, and the buccal tube moves little or not at all. If, however, the buccal tube be cut across close to the mouth, it begins an irregular rhythm of vigorous contractions, due to impulses originating in the pharynx, which usually continues without diminution for hours. The quiescence of the buccal tube before this cut is made indicates that the central nervous system normally exerts an inhibitory influence on the pharynx. (b) In a few preparations, correlated outbursts of contraction in the body wall and buccal tube were seen. These outbursts, which possibly correspond to extrusion movements of the intact worm, are due to impulses originating in the central nervous system. 4. The results are compared with those previously obtained on Arenicola marina, and reported in an earlier paper.

Directed regrowth of axons from a misrouted nerve to their correct muscles in the limb of the adult newt

1984 ◽  
Vol 222 (1229) ◽  
pp. 477-489 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Cobalt Chloride ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Forearm Flexor

When the forearm flexor nerve (f.f.n.) of the newt forelimb is surgically rerouted to the ventral body wall, regrowth of axons occurs and these axons reinnervate the muscle targets of the f.f.n. This process of nerve regeneration has been studied in detail over a 12 week period by using light and electron microscopy, electrophysiology and nerve fibre tracking after filling with cobalt chloride. The regrowing axons were analysed by electron microscopy and it is shown that they derive from the rerouted nerve at the position at which the f.f.n. leaves its normal ventral limb pathway. Axons in the pathway do not originate from the cut end of the f.f.n. on the ventral body wall. The regrowing axons are identified within the body of the rerouted nerve and they leave the f.f.n. by growing through the perineurium. Schwann cells are invariably associated with the regrowing axons and the pathway through which the growth cones and neurites grow consists predominantly of extracellular matrix fibrils. The stages of maturation of the regenerated f.f.n. including fasiculation of neurites, myelination and reformation of a perineurium are also described. The results of the study are discussed in terms of current ideas as to how specific regeneration of a correct and functional peripheral nervous system is achieved in urodele amphibians.

Memoirs: The Enteronephric Type of Nephridial System in the Genus Tonoscolex (Gates)

1941 ◽  
Vol s2-82 (327) ◽  
pp. 443-466
Author(s):  
KARM NARAYAN BAHL
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Excretory Canals

1. The ‘enteronephric’ type of nephridial system, previously described by the author in Pheretima, Lampito, and Woodwardiella (Nellogaster), has now been shown to characterize the genus Tonoscolex as well. It seems that this type of excretory system is widely distributed in the subfamily Megascolecinae. 2. The nephridia are of three kinds: the enteronephric septal nephridia, the exonephric integumentary nephridia, and the enteroriephric pharyngeal nephridia. There are twenty-four to thirty septal nephridia in each of those segments where they are best developed, these nephridia being much larger in size than the septal ruicronephridia of Pheretima. The pharyngeal nephridia form a cylindrical bunch around the oesophagus in the sixth segment and open into the pharynx in front by a large number of ducts. The integumentary nephridia are extremely minute and open singly on the body-wall. 3. The elaborate system of septal excretory canals and supraintestinal ducts characteristic of the septal nephridial systems of Pheretima, Lampito, and Woodwardiella, does not exist in Tonoscolex. The system in Tonoscolex is therefore much simpler and probably more primitive, and may represent an intermediate stage between the purely exonephric rneganephridia of Lumbricus and the elaborate enteronephric system of Pheretima, Lampito, and Woodwardiella.

Pharmacological Induction of Plasticization in the Abdominal Cuticle of Rhodnius

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-718
Author(s):  
STUART E. REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) are found to cause plasticization of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae. This plasticization is a direct action of 5-HT on some element in the body wall; the central nervous system is not required. It is probable that 5-HT acts directly at a receptor on the epidermal cells. The relationship between structure and plasticizing activity for a number of 5-HT analogues has been investigated. The receptor resembles other ‘classical’ 5-HT receptors in its requirements, but is unlike the 5-HT/diuretic hormone receptor of Rhodnius Malpighian tubules.

A comparison of the sites of acid phosphatase activity in an adult filaria, Setaria sp. and in some gastro -intestinal nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Maki ◽  
Toshio Yanagisawa
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Similar Activity ◽  
Very High

SUMMARYThe histochemical localization of acid phosphatase in an adult filaria, Setaria sp. obtained from the peritoneal cavity of a cow was closely examined and compared with that of adult nematodes parasitic in the host alimentary canal; special attention was paid to the intestine and body wall of the parasites. Setaria sp. was found to show high acid phosphatase activity in the interchordal hypodermis of the body wall and uterine microfilariae, and similar activity is suspected to occur in the cuticle. The intestine of this nematode exhibited very low, if any, activity. In contrast, nematodes parasitic on the alimentary canal, such as Toxocara cati, T. canis, Physaloptera sp. and Ancylostoma caninum, showed no activity in the body wall and very high activity in the luminal surface of their intestine. The possible function of the abundant acid phosphatase in the body wall of this filaria is discussed.

On certain Semi-carnivorous Anthomyid Larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Keilin ◽  
P. Tate
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Ventral Wall

In previous papers one of us (Keilin, 1915, 1917) has shown that among cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae there is a remarkable correlation between the anatomical structure of the larvae and their mode of life. Although the mode of life of the larvae is in correlation with such anatomical features as thickness and hardness of the body-wall, the development of sensory organs on the head, and the structure of the alimentary canal, it is in the bucco-pharyngeal armature that the most obvious and important adaptations are to be found. The most important of these adaptations may be mentioned briefly. In certain cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae the ventral wall of the basal sclerite of the bucco-pharyngeal armature has a number of longitudinal ridges projecting into the lumen of the pharynx. These ridges are usually Y-shaped at their free borders, and form a series of longitudinal channels in the ventral region of the pharynx. In other cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae such ridges are absent and the ventral wall of the pharynx is smooth. This character allows the larvae to be divided into two groups—“all cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae parasitic on the most diverse animals or on plants, as well as carnivorous larvae, and larvae which suck the blood of mammals, never have ridges in their pharynx; on the contrary, ridges are always present in saprophagous larvae” (Keilin, 1915). All the larvae which are devoid of ridges and are either parasitic, carnivorous, pass their whole life in the uterus of the female, or are phytophagous, may be united into the group of biontophagous; all larvae which have ridges are saprophagous.

The formation, structure and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst of three species of digenetic trematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Pike ◽  
D. A. Erasmus
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metacercarial Cyst ◽  
Digenetic Trematodes ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Ventral Area ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Cellular Layer

Cercariae of Psilotrema oligoon and Notocotylus attenuatus encyst free to form multilayered, hemispherical cysts. The former consists of four layers in which the innermost (layer 4) is divided into two, chemically and structurally different, areas. Cysts of the latter have three layers in which the innermost (layer 3) is again divided into two chemically different parts. A third cyst, produced by the encystment of Cercaria tarda in the tissues of Limnophilus flavicornis, is spherical and contains three layers (of which the outermost was not studied).All of the cysts studied contain a high proportion of protein, which in some layers occurs combined with carbohydrates. In both free-encysting species the two outer layers are produced by expansion of a non-cellular layer covering the integument and the innermost layer is produced by secretion of bâtonnets from a layer of cells lying beneath the body wall. Cysts of P. oligoon are divided into two separate parts, each having two layers, whereas those of N. attenuates consist of a single three-layered wall. The innermost layer in both consists of a protein with disulphide and sulphydryl linkages, and in the cyst of P. oligoon it has a circular ventral area containing carbohydrates. A similar carbohydrate-containing area occurs in the innermost layer of the cyst of N. attenuatus but as a ventro-lateral ring of material. The cyst of Cercaria tarda is also predominantly proteinaceous and stains intensely for RNA.

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