Radioactive studies on the feeding of larvae, nymphs, and adults of the cattle tick,Boophilus microplus(Canestrini)

Parasitology ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Seifert ◽  
P. H. Springell ◽  
R. J. Tatchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Radioactivity Levels

The erythrocytes and plasma of a British and Brahman crossbred steer were labelled with51Cr and125I respectively. The radioactivity levels were subsequently maintained as constant as feasible by injecting the steers with calculated amounts of the appropriate labelled material on 3 consecutive days. The steers had previously been heavily infested withBoophilus microplusto ensure that all stages in the parasite's life-cycle would be present during the 4-day period, when the steers were being treated with isotopes.Various stages ofB. micropluslarvae, nymphs and adults were collected and the uptake of red cells and plasma at each stage assessed by radioassay. In certain calculations, corrections were made for the uptake of blood fractions before the animals were made radioactive.A relationship between the weight of the tick and its dietary intake was established. At all the stages of larval and nymphal feeding the plasma content of the diet was greater than that of the host blood. However, erythrocytes were detectable even in the earliest larval stages examined. Dropped fully engorged adult females contained more red cells per individual, and generally also more plasma, than engorged ticks removed from the host.Fully engorged adult females took up as much as twice their own weight of blood components, but in none of the earlier stages did the tick concentrate its blood meal.No obvious differences could be demonstrated statistically between the behaviour of the parasites on the two hosts. However, indications are that recently attached larvae took up more erythrocytes from the British animal.We wish to thank Messrs A. K. Duffield, A. J. Short, B. Wilson, and Miss S. J. Shepherd, for skilful technical assistance.

scholarly journals Biocidal potential of Eugenia pyriformis essential oil in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the free-living cycle

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 879-888
Author(s):  
Jaqueline P. Medeiros ◽  
Wanessa C. Bortollucci ◽  
Eloisa S. Silva ◽  
Herika L.M. Oliveira ◽  
Caio F.A.A. Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Southern Cattle Tick ◽  
Cattle Herds

ABSTRACT: Brazil has one of the largest commercial cattle herds in the world, which naturally coexist with an enormous number of parasitic species. Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is among these species, interfering with animal productivity and causing losses to the beef and dairy cattle sector. The use of chemical acaricides in the control of this mite has resulted in the emergence of resistant populations. In this sense, alternative control measures using plants as sources of botanical acaricides have shown to be effective. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess is a Brazilian plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; however, there are no reports on its acaricidal activity in the literature. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of E. pyriformis leaf essential oil (EO) on southern cattle tick at different stages of the reproductive cycle. E. pyriformis leaves were collected and dried, and had their EO extracted by hydrodistillation (3h) using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 32 compounds belonging to the sesquiterpene class were identified: hydrocarbons (17.98%) and oxygenated forms (81.96%), with spathulenol (43.65%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.17%) as the most common. The EO was evaluated by the Adult Immersion Test at the concentrations (500.00 to 3.12mg/mL) in which the following parameters were measured: mortality of females (%), hatchability of eggs (%), and product efficiency (%). Larvae were assessed by the Larval Packet Test at concentrations ranging from 25.00 to 0.00004mg/mL. Lethal concentrations (LC) required for killing 50 and 99.9% of adult females and larvae were determined using Probit analysis. LC50 and LC99.9 of EO were 0.06 and 24.60mg/mL and 1,208.80 and 2,538mg/mL for larvae and adult females, respectively. Action of the EO in the free-living cycle of R. (B.) microplus larvae was another parameter assessed. To this end, the larvae were deposited in pots containing Brachiaria decumbens and, after migration to the leaf apex, a solution containing LC99.9 (24.60mg/mL) of the EO was sprayed. After 24h, 72.25% of the larvae had died, indicating stability of the EO when subjected to uncontrolled temperature and humidity conditions. The mechanism of action through which the EO killed the larvae and adult females was investigated by the Bioautographic Method, which showed inhibition of 3.15mg/mL of the EO on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The results found in the present experiment indicate that E. pyriformis essential oil is an alternative in the control of southern cattle tick in the larval (parasitic) and free-living cycle (non-parasitic) stages under field conditions.

Labelling larvae of the cattle-tick Boophilus microplus, with 32P to follow their movements on the host

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Kemp ◽  
D. Koudstall ◽  
J. D. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Drinking Solution

SUMMARYAfter 24 h desiccation at 28–29 °C and approximately 50 % relative humidity about 70 % of B. microplus larvae drank sufficient solution containing 1·5 mCi of 32P per ml for their movements on the host to be followed with a portable G-M counter. Reduced viability of the labelled ticks could not be detected when they were kept for 24 h on the host and either allowed to feed or prevented from doing so. When feeding was continued for 72 h or when larvae were incubated for 3–4 weeks, adverse effects were found, the severity of which could not be directly related to the amount of 32P label. Desiccation, handling of larvae and exposure to radiation in the drinking solution may have contributed to their reduced viability.Since resistance to the tick is manifest within the first 24 h after infestation labelled larvae could be used to compare development on different hosts during this time. Even after feeding for 72 h, larvae were more adversely affected by host resistance than by labelling damage.We would like to thank Mr C. A. Schuntner for helpful advice and Mrs J.Galligan for technical assistance. The financial support of the Australian Meat Research Committee is gratefully acknowledged. Messrs D. Hancox and S. R.Henderson assisted with some of the experiments.

Life cycle of the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini 1888 (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haytham Senbill ◽  
Lakshmi Kanta Hazarika ◽  
Aiswarya Baruah ◽  
Deepak Kumar Borah ◽  
Badal Bhattacharyya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Southern Cattle Tick

The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most important tick species affecting bovine wealth worldwide. Three uninterrupted generations of this species were observed under laboratory conditions (28±3 oC and 80±5% R.H.) using rabbit hosts. The average life cycle was determined as 65±8 days. Adult feeding period averaged 7.1±1.24 days. Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods averaged 4.1±1.3 days and 8.6±0.85 days, respectively. Pre-hatching periods averaged 21.03±2.99 days. Larval free-living and feeding to moulting periods averaged 3.5±0.75 days and 7.9±0.69 days, respectively. Nymphal feeding to moulting periods averaged 10.9±1.38 days. Weights of unfed and fed females averaged 1.26±0.29 mg and 120.32±45.6 mg, respectively and produced egg masses with average weights of 29.5±9.03 mg. Number of eggs per female averaged 1455.3±434.5 eggs with peak oviposition on the 3rd day. Average hatching rate was 83.5±2.94%, and the reproduction efficiency index averaged at 12.79±2.85. The conversion efficiency index averaged at 0.26±0.05 and the reproduction fitness index averaged at 10.68±2.4. Tick recovery rate averaged at 4.7%. A strong linear relationship was found between weights of engorged females and weights of egg masses (r = 0.83) and also between weights of engorged females and number of eggs laid (r = 0.82). This work aims to describe temporal and quantitative biological facts of R. (B.) microplus life cycles. Few studies have discussed R. (B.) microplus biology in quantitative terms, and these data can be useful in designing control plans or in epidemiological studies under laboratory conditions.

A method for measuring the acaricide-susceptibility of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.)

1962 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. F. Stone ◽  
K. P. Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Ddt Resistance ◽  
Filter Papers

A simple method is described of testing the susceptibility to acaricides of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.) in Queensland, Australia, by enclosing them in packets made from rectangular filter papers, folded once and secured along the remaining three sides by spring clips, that had been impregnated with Risella-oil solutions of DDT, dieldrin, or Bayer 21/199 (coumaphos), or with deposits from xylene solutions of Dilan. The response of susceptible engorged adult females to dieldrin was tested similarly. Five out of six experiments showed statistical evidence of repeatability of results in determination of relative DDT-resistance of larvae. There was a slight increase in susceptibility of non-resistant larvae to DDT with increasing age between 7 and 28 days for fresh packets but not for re-used packets. In three out of four tests, re-used packets were significantly more toxic (up to 1·40 times) to susceptible larvae than fresh packets. In one test a loss of toxicity occurred after storage of Bayer 21/199 packets for 23 days. The possible use of this method for measuring resistance in ticks is discussed.

The life cycle of Parvatrema homoeotecnum sp.nov.(Trematoda: Digenea) and a review of the family Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955

Parasitology ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Littorina Saxatilis ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Haematopus Ostralegus

1. Parvatrema homoeotecnum sp.nov. from the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann at Aberystwyth is described and compared with other species of the genus.2. The life cycle of this species is unique. The larval stages occur in the gastropod, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) subsp. tenebrosa (Montagu) and include germinal sacs which have a structure and development similar to an adult digenean. There are no free-living stages and only one intermediate host.3. The significance of this unique life cycle is discussed.4. The family Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955, is reviewed. Emended definitions are given for the family, subfamilies and genera. Keys, diagnostic features and brief notes of the species are included.I am very grateful to Dr Gwendolen Rees, who suggested the investigation which led to the discovery of this species, for her advice and indispensable assistance throughout the work and the preparation of this paper. I am also grateful to the late Professor T. A. Stephenson for his interest and for the provision of working facilities; to Mr W. A. Ballantine, Mr A. H. Clarke, Jr., Mr C. Curtis, Miss G. P. F. Evans, Dr V. Fretter, Professor L. A. Harvey, Mr D. H. Jones and Dr J. Lewis who sent me specimens of Littorina saxatilis; to Professor R. M. Cable and Emerit. Professor G. R. La Rue for helpful suggestions; to Mr J. R. Hirst and Mr D. Hemingway Jones for photographic and technical assistance and to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for a grant which made the work possible.

The inheritance of DDT-resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 984 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Autosomal Gene ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Ddt Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiresistant Strain

Adults of a DDT-resistant strain of the cattle tick from central Queensland were crossed with adults of a susceptible reference strain, by means of cardboard mating boxes glued to the skins of cattle. F1, backcross, and F2 larvae were tested for resistance to DDT by enclosure of larvae in filter paper packets impregnated with oil solutions of pp'-DDT. F1 and backcross engorged adult females were tested for resistance by injection with oil solutions of pp'-DDT. There was no evidence of departure from a 1 : 1 ratio in the backcrosses or from a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio in the F2, and there was little difference between the compositions of the F1 reciprocal crosses or among the backcrosses derived from them. Therefore DDT resistance in this strain was considered to be due to a single, incompletely recessive, autosomal gene. Engorged nymphs of the resistant strain moulted later in vitro than nymphs of the susceptible strain, and resistant engorged adult females detached from the host later than susceptible engorged adult females. After 13 generations of DDT-free culturing of a multiresistant strain, the percentage of homozygous DDT-resistant ticks in the strain had fallen from a high level to about 55%. This figure remained constant for a further 10 generations.

The inheritance of dieldrin-resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Autosomal Gene ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Multiresistant Strain

Adults of a dieldrin-resistant straiu of cattle tick from southern Queensland were crossed with adults of a susceptible reference strain, by means of cardboard mating boxes glued to the skins of cattle. The F1 and backcross larvae were tested for resistance by enclosure in filter paper packets impregnated with oil solutions of dieldrin. The corresponding engorged adult females were tested by injection with oil solutions of dieldrin. There was no evidence of significant departure from a 1 : 1 ratio of resistant and susceptible phenotypes in the backcrosses, and there was little difference between the composition of the F1 reciprocal crosses or between the backcrosses derived from them. Dieldrin-resistance in this strain appears to be due to a single, dominant autosomal gene. Dieldrin-resistant ticks in a multiresistant strain from central Queensland steadily declined from 50–60% to an undetectable percentage in a laboratory population bred in the absence of dieldrin for 24 generations.

The Life-Cycle and Biology of Anilocra-Pomacentri (Isopoda, Cymothoidae), an Ectoparasitic Isopod of the Coral-Reef Fish, Chromis-Nitida (Perciformes, Pomacentridae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Adlard ◽  
RJG Lester
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Positive Phototaxis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Appendix Masculina ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Negatively Buoyant ◽  
Southern Section ◽  
Simultaneous Growth

The life cycle of Anilocra pomacentri, an ectoparasitic isopod that infests the pomacentrid fish Chromis nitida, in the southern section of the Great Barrier Reef, is described in detail. Embryonated eggs developed through four ontogenic stages within the brood pouch (marsupium) of adult females. Released mancas were free-swimming and infective immediately to suitable hosts. Mancas were negatively buoyant and displayed strong negative rheotaxis and positive phototaxis. The appendix masculina that characterises the male stage was found on isopods between 4.1 and 7.2 mm in telson length. Males developed into females and remained attached permanently to their hosts. Adult females produced an average of three broads during their lifespan of 12-14 months. The number of mancas (average 3.2 mm in telson length) in each brood positively correlated with the telson length of the parent and ranged from 37 to 182. Isopod telson length was correlated positively with fish caudal fork length, which indicated that early infection of the host was followed by simultaneous growth of both host and parasite. In laboratory trials mancas fed successfully on small (14-29 mm length to caudal fork) C. nitida. Infection of larger fish was limited to transient attachment of mancas to the fins. Adult female isopods fed on host blood, with feeding limited to only those periods that correlated with the onset of vitellogenesis. Fish that carried feeding isopods showed a significant reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes.

Distribution, ecology and life-cycle of Maxmuelleria lankesteri (Echiura: Bonelliidae): a review with notes on field identification

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hughes ◽  
A. D. Ansell ◽  
R. J. A. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Local Abundance ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Dwarf Males

This paper summarizes the available information on the distribution and biology of Maxmuelleria lankesteri. This large echiuran was described almost a century ago but its local abundance and potential importance as a bioturbator were recognized only recently. The species is widespread around the British and Irish coasts, most commonly in fine muds. A deep-burrowing, nocturnal deposit feeder, M. lankesteri is unlikely to be seen by divers, but its presence can be deduced from the form of ejecta mounds and proboscis tracks. The worms are very difficult to capture intact. Body size in a sample from Loch Sween, Argyll, was approximately normally distributed. Very small individuals are rarely found. Developing oocytes were found in the coelom over the spring and summer. Mature eggs accumulate in the gonoducts, with maximum loads found from October to December, possibly indicating a single annual spawning during the winter. Despite intensive examination of a large number of adult females, no dwarf males were found, leaving open the question of their existence. The large, yolky eggs indicate lecithotrophy or direct development. Larval stages have not been recognized. The apparent scarcity of developmental stages and of very small adults suggests that recruitment may be sparse and infrequent.

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