The Life-Cycle and Biology of Anilocra-Pomacentri (Isopoda, Cymothoidae), an Ectoparasitic Isopod of the Coral-Reef Fish, Chromis-Nitida (Perciformes, Pomacentridae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Adlard ◽  
RJG Lester
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Positive Phototaxis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Appendix Masculina ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Negatively Buoyant ◽  
Southern Section ◽  
Simultaneous Growth

The life cycle of Anilocra pomacentri, an ectoparasitic isopod that infests the pomacentrid fish Chromis nitida, in the southern section of the Great Barrier Reef, is described in detail. Embryonated eggs developed through four ontogenic stages within the brood pouch (marsupium) of adult females. Released mancas were free-swimming and infective immediately to suitable hosts. Mancas were negatively buoyant and displayed strong negative rheotaxis and positive phototaxis. The appendix masculina that characterises the male stage was found on isopods between 4.1 and 7.2 mm in telson length. Males developed into females and remained attached permanently to their hosts. Adult females produced an average of three broads during their lifespan of 12-14 months. The number of mancas (average 3.2 mm in telson length) in each brood positively correlated with the telson length of the parent and ranged from 37 to 182. Isopod telson length was correlated positively with fish caudal fork length, which indicated that early infection of the host was followed by simultaneous growth of both host and parasite. In laboratory trials mancas fed successfully on small (14-29 mm length to caudal fork) C. nitida. Infection of larger fish was limited to transient attachment of mancas to the fins. Adult female isopods fed on host blood, with feeding limited to only those periods that correlated with the onset of vitellogenesis. Fish that carried feeding isopods showed a significant reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes.

Radioactive studies on the feeding of larvae, nymphs, and adults of the cattle tick,Boophilus microplus(Canestrini)

Parasitology ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Seifert ◽  
P. H. Springell ◽  
R. J. Tatchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Radioactivity Levels

The erythrocytes and plasma of a British and Brahman crossbred steer were labelled with51Cr and125I respectively. The radioactivity levels were subsequently maintained as constant as feasible by injecting the steers with calculated amounts of the appropriate labelled material on 3 consecutive days. The steers had previously been heavily infested withBoophilus microplusto ensure that all stages in the parasite's life-cycle would be present during the 4-day period, when the steers were being treated with isotopes.Various stages ofB. micropluslarvae, nymphs and adults were collected and the uptake of red cells and plasma at each stage assessed by radioassay. In certain calculations, corrections were made for the uptake of blood fractions before the animals were made radioactive.A relationship between the weight of the tick and its dietary intake was established. At all the stages of larval and nymphal feeding the plasma content of the diet was greater than that of the host blood. However, erythrocytes were detectable even in the earliest larval stages examined. Dropped fully engorged adult females contained more red cells per individual, and generally also more plasma, than engorged ticks removed from the host.Fully engorged adult females took up as much as twice their own weight of blood components, but in none of the earlier stages did the tick concentrate its blood meal.No obvious differences could be demonstrated statistically between the behaviour of the parasites on the two hosts. However, indications are that recently attached larvae took up more erythrocytes from the British animal.We wish to thank Messrs A. K. Duffield, A. J. Short, B. Wilson, and Miss S. J. Shepherd, for skilful technical assistance.

scholarly journals Reproductive diapause in Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera Lygaeidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 308-311
Author(s):  
X.Z. He ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
A. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Entire Life Cycle ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Critical Photoperiod

The induction of reproductive diapause of Nysius huttoni was studied in the laboratory at 20 1C and 60 10 RH under a series of photoperiod regimes 168 h 1410 h 1212 h and 1014 h lightdark Reproductive diapause was considered to have occurred if females failed to lay eggs for 50 days after emergence The sensitivity of different life stages to diapauseinducing photoperiods varied When newly emerged females whose immature stages had been reared at 168 h were transferred to 1014 h and 1212 h 467 and 793 of them entered reproductive diapause respectively However when fifth instar nymphs were transferred from 168 h to 1014 h and 1212 h 100 of adult females entered reproductive diapause If the entire life cycle was maintained at 1014 h and 1212 h 667 and 400 of females entered reproductive diapause respectively The critical photoperiod for reproductive diapause was estimated to lie between 1311 h and 135105 h

A taxonomic review of the Margarodoid genus Stigmacoccus Hempel  (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Stigmacoccidae), with some details on their biology

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1507 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS HODGSON ◽  
HEATHER GAMPER ◽  
AMAURI BOGO ◽  
GILLIAN WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The Family

Stigmacoccus is an unusual scale insect genus from Central and South America that has been little studied. It belongs to the family Stigmacoccidae within the archaeococcoid group of genera which used to comprise the family Margarodidae (Morrison, 1927) but which are now considered to represent at least 9 families. The present paper describes or redescribes the adult females, adult males, cyst stages and crawlers of the three known species (S. asper, S. garmilleri, and S. paranaensis), plus the prepupa of S. garmilleri and S. paranaensis, and (briefly), the pupa of S. paranaensis. It is considered that the female has two cyst stage instars; the number in the male is uncertain. Adult female S. asper and S. paranaensis appear to have groups of loculate pores on the walls of the vagina. A lectotype for S. asper is designated. In addition, cyst stages of three further undescribed species are described (but not formally named) and illustrated. Some observations on the biology and life cycle are also included. The honeydew of Stigmacoccus species has been shown to be an important energy source for overwintering passerine birds which defend this resource. A summary of our present knowledge is presented, including how the honedew is eliminated (through a long anal tube) and details are given with regard to rates of honeydew flow, sugar concentration, cyst densities and annual timing of peak flows. The annual life cycle, as far as it is known, is discussed. It is concluded that this honeydew could be economically important as a source of sugar for honey production but this would need to be carefully managed to maintain an ecological balance.

scholarly journals Natural history of Ctenus medius Keyserling, 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) I: observations on habitats and the development of chromatic patterns

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. ALMEIDA ◽  
E. F. RAMOS ◽  
E. GOUVÊA ◽  
M. do CARMO-SILVA ◽  
J. COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural History ◽  
National Park ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Mata Atlântica ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Phoneutria Nigriventer

Ctenus medius Keyserling, 1891 is a common species in several spots of Mata Atlântica, however there is a great lack of studies in all aspects of its natural history. This work aims to elucidate aspects of ecotope preference compared to large spiders, and to provide data on the development of chromatic patterns during its life cycle. The observations on the behavior of C. medius were done in the campus of Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa (UBM) by means of observations and nocturnal collections using cap lamps. For observations on the development of chromatic patterns, spiderlings raised in laboratory, hatched from an oviposition of a female from campus of UBM, and others spiderlings collected in field were used. The field observations indicate that: C. medius seems to prefer ecotopes characterized by dense shrub vegetation or herbal undergrowth; Lycosa erythrognatha and L. nordeskioldii seems to prefer open sites; Phoneutria nigriventer seems to prefer shrub vegetation and anthropogenic ecotopes as rubbish hills; Ancylometes sp. seems to prefer ecotopes near streams. Concerning chromatic patterns, it was observed that males and females show well distinct patterns during the last two instars, allowing distinction by sex without the use of a microscope. Through chromatic patterns it was also possible to draw a distinction between C. medius and C. ornatus longer that 3 mm cephalothorax width. 69 specimens of C. medius (males and females) collected in the campus of UBM did not show a striking polymorphism in chromatic pattern, but one among 7 adult females collected in National Park of Itatiaia, showed a distinct chromatic pattern.

The hydroid and early medusa stages of the deep sea jellyfish Earleria purpurea (Hydrozoa: Mitrocomidae) from the Monterey Bay Submarine Canyon, USA

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2902 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
CHAD L. WIDMER
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Submarine Canyon ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Free Swimming

The hydroid and early medusa stages of the deep sea hydrozoan jellyfish Earleria purpurea (Hydrozoa: Mitrocomidae) are described. Mature medusae were collected from the Monterey Bay submarine canyon near Monterey, California, USA utilizing a remotely operated vehicle and returned to the laboratory for culturing. In vitro fertilized eggs developed into free-swimming planulae larvae that settled and metamorphosed into benthic hydroid colonies consisting of feeding hydranths and medusa producing gonangia. Newly released medusae were grown to maturity and placed on educational display at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. The hydranths and gonangia were compared and found to be distinct from those of E. corachloeae the only other member of the Genus Earleria with a described life cycle.

Onset and Maintenance of Maternal Prey-Supply Activity in the Spider Coelotes Terrestris (Araneae, Agelenidae)

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Gundermann ◽  
Andre Horel ◽  
Denis Assi Bessekon
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Behavioural Interactions ◽  
Aggressive Reactions ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn the funnel-web spider Coelotes terrestris (Agelenidae) the young are provided with prey by their mother for several weeks following emergence from the egg sac. Such a maternal activity has previously been shown to be influenced by stimuli emitted by the young (i.e. during mother-offspring interactions), which ensures the tuning of the prey supply to the offspring. The present paper aims to shed light on the conditions of onset and maintenance of prey-supply tendency. The experimental procedure consisted in confronting females, either sub-adult or at various stages of their reproductive life cycle, with a group of spiderlings constant in number and age, and in recording the behavioural interactions following the capture of a prey item. Females which did not yet have post-emergence offspring did not supply prey to the spiderlings and exhibited aggressive reactions towards them. In contrast, females which had had post-emergence offspring, even though their dispersal could have taken place many weeks before, provided prey to the experimental spiderlings, and behaved towards them as their real mothers would have done. When exposure to the experimental situation was prolonged for one week, the tendency to supply the young clearly appeared in previously unresponsive adult females (inseminated or incubating), but no change was observed in sub-adults. The results show that, in Coelotes terrestris, the maternal tendency to supply prey requires a particular internal state, which seems to develop at the time of the offspring's emergence but which does not become extinct after their dispersal. The results also suggest that the development of this internal state can somehow be influenced by stimuli from the young.

Rhythmical Hatching and Oncomiracidial Behaviour in the Hexabothriid MonogeneanRajonchocotyle Emarginatafrom the Gills ofRajaspp.

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Whittington ◽  
G. C. Kearn
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Larval Behaviour ◽  
Mechanical Disturbance ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

In a study of the life-cycle of the hexabothriid monogeneanRajonchocotyle emarginataby Wiskin (1970), attempts to obtain newly hatched larvae were unsuccessful, and it was decided to make a new attempt to culture eggs and hatch larvae, at the same time investigating the effects of those factors found in other monogeneans to influence hatching, such as host mucus (see Kearn, 1974), shadows (see Kearn, 1982) and mechanical disturbance (see Bovet, 1967). The success of these renewed attempts to hatch the eggs ofR. emarginataprovided an opportunity to study the behaviour of the free-swimming oncomiracidium and attempts were made to relate hatching phenomena and larval behaviour to the behaviour of the host.

BIONOMICS OF ENOCLERUS BARRI (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Rice
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

AbstractEnoclerus barri Knull occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico and throughout the Rocky Mountain region. Adults were collected at Grass Valley, Calif., from May to September at traps baited with beetle attractants. Collections occurred at temperatures ranging from 22.5° to 31 °C; the sex ratio of trapped beetles was 4.5 females to 1 male. Duration of life cycle stages at 24 ± 2 °C were: egg, 9 days; larva, first iastar, 14 days; second instar, 12 days; third instar feeding stage, 14 days. All larvae reared to third instar failed to pupate in the laboratory. Adult females of unknown age when collected lived from 10 to 131 days and produced an average of 389 eggs per female. Enoclerus barri utilized six species of Scolytidae as hosts in the laboratory.

Ocellar pigmentation and phototaxis in the nematode Mermis nigrescens: changes during development

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341-1350
Author(s):  
A.H. Burr ◽  
D. Wagar ◽  
P. Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Positive Phototaxis ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Scanning Motion

After 1 or 2 years of dormancy in the soil, Mermis nigrescens females emerge to lay eggs on vegetation where their grasshopper hosts are likely to feed. Females collected at this life stage exhibit a strong positive phototaxis and have a tubular region of pigmentation near the anterior tip consisting of concentrated oxyhaemoglobin. A previous investigation of the scanning motion of the ‘head’ and orientation of the ‘neck’ has implicated the shadowing of a photoreceptor inside the tube as the mechanism for identifying the direction of light during phototaxis. Here, we describe the development of the pigment in young adult females and investigate phototaxis in early developmental stages that lack the pigment. The orientation of the neck to a horizontal 420 nm stimulus (intensity 10(13)photons s(−)(1)cm(−)(2)) was measured for unpigmented fourth-stage larvae and immature adult females as well as mature females with pigmented ocelli. The orientation of the larvae and immature adults was weakly negative, whereas that of the mature adults was strongly positive. Head and neck movements were otherwise the same in the three stages. Thus, the pigmentation appears to be required for positive phototaxis, and the results provide further support for the shadowing role of ocellar haemoglobin.

Composite Vertical Structure of Vertical Velocity in Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 1673-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonggang Wang ◽  
Bart Geerts
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Vortex Ring ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
University Of Wyoming ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Cumulus Clouds ◽  
The University ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

Abstract Vertical transects of Doppler vertical velocity data, obtained from an airborne profiling millimeter-wave cloud radar, are composited for a large number of cumulus clouds (Cu) at various stages of their life cycle, to examine typical circulations patterns. The Cu clouds range in depth between ~500 and 6000 m and are generally nonprecipitating. They were sampled on board the University of Wyoming King Air over a mountain in southern Arizona during the summer monsoon, and over the high plains of southeastern Wyoming. The composite analysis shows clear evidence of an updraft/downdraft dipole in the upper cloud half, consistent with a horizontal vortex ring. A single cloud-scale toroidal circulation emerges notwithstanding the complex finescale structure with multiple vortices, commonly evident in individual transects of Cu clouds. The stratification of all Cu samples as a function of their buoyancy and mean vertical velocity shows that the vortex ring pattern tends to be more pronounced in positively buoyant Cu with rising motion (presumably young clouds) than in negatively buoyant and/or sinking Cu near the end of their life cycle. Yet no reverse vortex ring is observed in the latter Cu, suggesting that the decaying phase is short lived in these dry environments. The vortex-ring circulation pattern is more intense in the shallower Cu, which are also more buoyant and have a liquid water content closer to adiabatic values. Wind shear tends to tilt Cu clouds and their vortex ring, resulting in a broadening of the upshear updraft and downshear downdraft.

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