scholarly journals A role for nematocytes in the cellular immune response of the Drosophilid Zaprionus indianus

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
BALINT Z. KACSOH ◽  
JULIANNA BOZLER ◽  
TODD A. SCHLENKE
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Zaprionus Indianus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Foreign Objects ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Melanotic Encapsulation ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

SUMMARYThe melanotic encapsulation response mounted by Drosophila melanogaster against macroparasites, which is based on haemocyte binding to foreign objects, is poorly characterized relative to its humoral immune response against microbes, and appears to be variable across insect lineages. The genus Zaprionus is a diverse clade of flies embedded within the genus Drosophila. Here we characterize the immune response of Zaprionus indianus against endoparasitoid wasp eggs, which elicit the melanotic encapsulation response in D. melanogaster. We find that Z. indianus is highly resistant to diverse wasp species. Although Z. indianus mounts the canonical melanotic encapsulation response against some wasps, it can also potentially fight off wasp infection using two other mechanisms: encapsulation without melanization and a non-cellular form of wasp killing. Zaprionus indianus produces a large number of haemocytes including nematocytes, which are large fusiform haemocytes absent in D. melanogaster, but which we found in several other species in the subgenus Drosophila. Several lines of evidence suggest these nematocytes are involved in anti-wasp immunity in Z. indianus and in particular in the encapsulation of wasp eggs. Altogether, our data show that the canonical anti-wasp immune response and haemocyte make-up of the model organism D. melanogaster vary across the genus Drosophila.

scholarly journals Preclinical studies of immunogenity, protectivity, and safety of the combined vector vaccine for prevention of the middle east respiratory syndrome

Acta Naturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Inna V. Dolzhikova ◽  
D. M. Grousova ◽  
O. V. Zubkova ◽  
A. I. Tukhvatulin ◽  
A. V. Kovyrshina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vector Vaccine ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune

The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the respiratory system caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The mortality rate for MERS is about 34.5%. Due to its high mortality rate, the lack of therapeutic and prophylactic agents, and the continuing threat of the spread of MERS beyond its current confines, developing a vaccine is a pressing task, because vaccination would help limit the spread of MERS and reduce its death toll. We have developed a combined vector vaccine for the prevention of MERS based on recombinant human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 5. Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. Studies of the cellular immune response in mice after vaccination showed the emergence of a specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD50 per mouse). Studies of the safety and tolerability of the developed vaccine in rodents, rabbits, and primates showed a good safety profile and tolerance in animals; they revealed no contraindications for clinical testing.

Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to human disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ann Misch ◽  
Thomas R. Hawn
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Although several lines of evidence suggest that variation in human inflammation is genetically controlled, the genes which regulate these responses are largely unknown. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) mediate recognition of microbes, regulate activation of the innate immune response and influence the formation of adaptive immunity. Cellular and molecular studies over the past several years have identified a number of common TLR polymorphisms that modify the cellular immune response and production of cytokines in vitro. In addition, human genetic studies suggest that some of these polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to a spectrum of diseases. In this review, we summarize studies of common TLR polymorphisms and how this work is beginning to illuminate the influence of human variation on inflammation and disease susceptibility.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF BACILLUS OF CALMETTE-GUÉRIN, AVRIDINE AND Propionibacterium acnes AS IMMUNOMODULATORS ON RABIES IN MICE

1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MEGID ◽  
M.T.S. PERAÇOLI ◽  
P.R. CURI ◽  
C.R. ZANETTI ◽  
W.H. CABRERA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Inoculation Test ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

The cellular and humoral immune responses of mice inoculated with rabies virus and treated with the Bacillus of Calmette-Guérin, Avridine and Propionibacterium acnes were evaluated in this paper. There was a higher percentage of surviving mice in groups submitted to P. acnes treatment. Lower levels of interferon-<FONT FACE="Symbol">g</font> (IFN-<FONT FACE="Symbol">g</font>) were found in infected mice. The intra-pad inoculation test (IPI) was not effective to detect cellular immune response, contrary to the results found in MIF reaction. The survival of mice did not present correlation with the levels of antirabies serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies titers, IFN-<FONT FACE="Symbol">g</font> concentration and MIF response.

scholarly journals Vaccination of Mice with a Novel Trypsin from Trichinella spiralis Elicits the Immune Protection against Larval Challenge

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Yan Yan Song ◽  
Shao Rong Long ◽  
Ruo Dan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Target Antigen ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Meat Safety ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Candidate Target ◽  
Cellular Immune

Trichinella spiralis is a major foodborne parasite and has a serious threat to meat safety. Development of anti-Trichinella vaccines is prospective to eliminate Trichinella infection in food animal. The aim of this study was to assess the biological properties of a novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsT) and its elicited immune protection against larval challenge. The cDNA sequence of TsT gene was cloned and expressed. Western blotting showed rTsT was identified by infection serum and anti-TsT serum. RT-PCR results revealed that TsT gene was transcribed at diverse T. spiralis lifecycle stages. The IIFT results showed that natural TsT was principally expressed at epicuticle of 5-6 day adult worms, indicating that TsT is a worm somatic antigen and adult-stage specific surface antigen. Vaccination of mice with rTsT triggered an evident humoral immune response (high levels of serum IgG, IgG1/IgG2a, and enteral sIgA), and it also induced the systemic and enteral local cellular immune response, demonstrated by an significantly elevation of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4. The mice vaccinated with rTsT exhibited a 33.17% reduction of enteral adult worms and a 37.80% reduction of muscle larvae after larval challenge. The results showed that TsT might be considered as a candidate target antigen for anti-T. spiralis vaccines.

Dexamethasone Inhibition of the Cellular Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster against a Parasitoid

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Carton ◽  
Francoise Frey ◽  
David W. Stanley ◽  
Emily Vass ◽  
Anthony J. Nappi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune

Dexamethasone Inhibition of the Cellular Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Against a Parasitoid

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Carton ◽  
Francoise Frey ◽  
David W. Stanley ◽  
Emily Vass ◽  
Anthony J. Nappi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals Pathological changes inducing by S.aureus in immunodeficiency mice immunized with Soluble Culture Filtrate S.aureus Antigens (SCFAgs)

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
H. H. K. AL-Byattee
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Sterile Normal Saline ◽  
Cellular Immune

In order to determine the influence of Soluble Culture Filtrate S.aureus Antigens (SCFAgs)on S.aureus infection in Mitomicin c immunosupression mice, seventy four white mice, both sex,7-8 weeks age were divided randomly into five groups.1st group(n=16 ) was immunized with 0.4ml of S.aureus CFSAgs (concentration of protein( 4.2mg/ml) ,i/p two doses, 2 weeks intervals. 2nd group(n=16) was injected with mitomycine C ,(1mg/kg B.W) I/p three time /week for 4 weeks. 3ed group (n=16) was immunized with CFSAgs as 1st group and treated with mitomycin as 2nd group. 4th group(n=10) was inoculated with (0.4ml) I/P with1X109 CFU/ML of viable virulent. S.aureus and was served as control positive group. 5th group (n=16) was inoculated with 0.5ml sterile normal saline. Cellular and humoral immune response were recorded at 28-30 day post immunization, skin test and passive heam agglutination test respectively, then all animals of immunized and treatment groups were challenge with S,aureus as control positive group. The results explained that animals treatment with MMC were died during (18) hrs post inoculation with virulent viable S.aureus with very heavy bacterial isolation, animal of control positive group were died at( 24)hrs post infection with heavy bacterial isolation The results revealed that immunization with CFSAgs elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses, the level values of both arms of immune response were lower animal treatment with MMC, Severe pathological lesions were seen in examined organs of control positive group but these lesions are more extensive in animal treatment with MMC. The main lesions in examined organs of these animals are suppurative inflammation ,congestion ,apoptosis and necrosis.. We conclusion that MMC induce immunosuppression condition and immunization with CFSAgs can improve the immune responses in the animals that are suffering from immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Host JAK/Stat activity is a target of endoparasitoid wasp virulence strategies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna E. Brantley ◽  
Nathan T. Mortimer ◽  
Todd A. Schlenke
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Stat Signaling ◽  
Cellular Immune

AbstractInnate immune responses depend on the action of multiple conserved signaling pathways. Pathways important for activation of humoral immune responses following microbial infection are well-characterized in the genetic model species Drosophila melanogaster, but our understanding of fly cellular immunity, and how parasites suppress it, is relatively fragmentary. Fly larvae mount a coordinated cellular immune response following infection by endoparasitoid wasps, characterized by the production of specialized blood cells called lamellocytes that form a tight capsule around wasp eggs in their hemolymph. The conserved JAK/Stat signaling pathway has been implicated in lamellocyte proliferation and is required for successful encapsulation of wasp eggs. Here we show that activity of Stat92E, the D. melanogaster Stat ortholog, is induced in the fat body and hemocytes following wasp infection. Virulent wasp species are able to suppress activation of a Stat92E activity reporter during infection, suggesting they target upstream activation of this pathway as part of their virulence strategies. Furthermore, two wasp species (Leptopilina guineaensis and Ganaspis xanthopoda) suppress phenotypes associated with gain-of-function mutations in hopscotch, the D. melanogaster JAK ortholog, showing that they inhibit JAK/Stat activity downstream of JAK. Our data demonstrate that endoparasitoid wasp virulence factors block JAK/Stat signaling to overcome fly immune defenses.

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