Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Staphylococcus Aureus and Enterococcus

Background: The study of microorganism is called microbiology, which includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and Protozoa. Microbes play a major role in this field. Microbes are also used for life-saving drugs etc.. The effect of ultraviolet rays on the bacterias are mostly lethal to them, UV is a minor fraction of the solar spectrum reaching the ground surfaces, the UV light radiation will reduce the microbes in the surroundings as well as in the labs. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ultraviolet rays on pathogenic bacterias. Materials and methods: Three organisms were selected for the study. Pseudomonas, S. Aureus and Enterococcus. 30 watts Uv tube was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the Uv radiation. The exposure time was determined as 5, 10 and 15 mins at a close distance of 10cm. 20 microliter of suspension was taken and mixed in 2 ml of sterile normal saline and exposed for respective duration. Sub culture was done on suitable media after the exposure . Time exposed plates were incubated at 37 degree Celsius overnight and checked for the total CFU and data were tabulated. Results: The Ultraviolet radiation of pathogenic bacteria resulted in a significant reduction of the total colony forming unit. Conclusion: Ultraviolet rays were lethal to the bacterias. There are many airborne bacterias surrounded by environment ultraviolet rays exposure will cause an apparent decrease in the pathogenic bacterias.

799. A Pseudo-Outbreak of Pseudomonas fluorescens Infections

Background Pseudomonas fluorescens is a water-borne pathogen that has been associated with outbreaks from transfusion of contaminated blood products or medical equipment. Our institution had a cluster of cultures that grew an uncommonly encountered microbe P. fluorescens within a period of one week. This prompted an internal investigation. We summarize the investigational process that led to the resolution of this pseudo-outbreak. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of surgical and non-surgical patients with cultures positive for P. fluorescens from July 2nd to July 8th 2020. Baseline patient characteristics, clinical course, laboratory data, use of blood-associated products, and microbiology cultures were analyzed. Results Eight patients were identified with positive tissue cultures for P. fluorescens. Among those, 5 specimens (62.5%) were from osteoarticular sites (1 prosthetic hip, 1 prosthetic knee, 1 right foot, 1 sternum, and 1 vertebral source). One culture (12.5%) was obtained from a sacral soft tissue wound. Two tissue specimens (25%) were collected from respiratory sites (1 lung tissue and 1 bronchoalveolar lavage). No association with specific surgical personnel or operating room was identified. During routine specimen processing, a small amount of sterile normal saline is added to the conical grinder prior to culture preparation. It was discovered that a non-sterile normal saline had been inadvertently utilized during that step. These eight tissue specimens were subsequently reprocessed with sterile solution; P. fluorescens was not re-isolated. Specimen processing protocols were reinforced. Adjustment of antimicrobial therapy was made accordingly without reported subsequent adverse clinical outcomes. Conclusion A multi-faceted team approach in collaboration with Infection Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Surgery, operating room personnel, and Microbiology identified an unintended breakdown in sterile laboratory protocols which resulted in a cluster of falsely positive cultures. An increased incidence of infection with an uncommon pathogen initiated a prompt investigation that resulted in the identification of a pseudo-outbreak event. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The Effects of Some Climate Factors upon Frequency Distribution of Local Sandflies Breed in Misan Province, Iraq

The genus Phlebotomus is naturally responsible for the transmission of many protozoal parasites like Leishmania. The study was conducted to determine the effect of some climate factors on sandflies distribution over a year from December 2019 to November 2020. A total of 268 sandflies of both sexes were collected from different areas in Misan province, Iraq. Sandflies were collected using light traps and stick oil paper, then placed in cups or Petri dishes containing sterile normal saline for examination. The current study showed an inverse relationship between the presence and number of sandflies with temperatures. Rainfall had a significant impact on parasite distribution, while wind speed had a potential impact on sandfly activity. The percentage of female sandflies was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of males (54.85% for females versus 45.15% for males). In conclusion, heavy precipitation is the main climate factor that affects the frequency distribution of local breed sandflies followed by rising temperature degrees that are seen in the summer season. The climate can affect the activity, spreading, and distribution of sandflies with detected one peak of their activity in December.

Study of the effect of added bronchoscopic suction to routine treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia patients in surgical ICU

Objective: Comparing BAL and antibiotic therapy with antibiotic therapy itself for treating VAP patients in ICU. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial. The first group was treated using antibiotics and closed-suction was performed daily, using 50 cc of sterile normal saline. The second group was treated with antibiotics and daily closed-suction with 50 cc of sterile normal saline, plus bronchoscopic suction every other day. Patients of both groups were followed and investigated one, 3, 7, and 10 days after initial diagnosis. Results: Mean blood leukocyte count and body temperature was measured in groups one (no bronchoscopy) and two (with bronchoscopy) in first, 3rd, 7th, and 10th days which was higher in the second group. Mean treatment status was also measured using APACHE II index. There was also a statistically significant difference in 3rd day (p-value < 0.05). There was also no difference in final culture result or mortality rate between two groups. Conclusion: According to the results of this study like lower body temperature, higher leukocyte count reduction, and lower APACHE II scores in the second group, treated with bronchoscopic suction, adding bronchoscopy seems to be more useful than normal method. Keywords: Bronchoscopy, Pneumonia, VAP, Continuous...

INFLUENCE OF MYCOTOXINS ON IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTION OF BROILER CHICKENS

Forty broiler chickens, One - day old were randomly divided into four equal groups: 1st group was immunized with 0.5 ml of whole sonicated salmonella antigens (WSSAgs), protein concentration 1.89 mg/ml. Two dose two weeks intervals, S/C at 7 days old and the chicks fed contaminated diet with mycotoxins for 7 week, 2nd group was immunized with WSSAgs only and treated as 1st group, 3rd group fed diet contaminated with mycotoxins and 4th group was fed normal diets and served as control negative group, At 30 days, skin test, phagocytic index and serum levels of antibody titers were done, then 1st ,2nd and 3rd groups were inoculated with high dose of virulent S.typhimurium , (1ml containing 1 10 12 CFU/ml ), I/V, and 4th group was inoculated I/V,1ml sterile normal saline and served as control negative group , all chicks were sacrificed at 3 weeks post infection, it was recorded that mycotoxin suppress the cellular and humoral immune responses , phagocytic activity ,in addition to high mortality rate were found in chicks fed contaminated diet with and without immunization.

CD47 Deficiency Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Remodeling in Mice

In this study, we investigated whether CD47 deficiency attenuates isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced cardiac remodeling in mice. Cardiac remodeling was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ISO (60 mg·kg-1·d-1 in 100 μl of sterile normal saline) daily for 14 days and was confirmed by increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), increased heart weight to body weight (HW/BW) ratios, and visible cardiac fibrosis. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found to be significantly higher in the ISO group than in the control group, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were suppressed in the ISO group. However, CD47 knockout significantly limited ISO-induced increases in LDH, CK-MB, and HW/BW ratios, cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the heart. In addition, CD47 deficiency also increased p-AMPK and LAMP2 expression and decreased HDAC3, cleaved Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-9, LC3II, and p62 expression in cardiac tissues. In conclusion, CD47 deficiency reduced i.p. ISO-induced cardiac remodeling probably by inhibiting the HDAC3 pathway, improving AMPK signaling and autophagy flux, and rescuing autophagic clearance.

386. Blue Light Reduces Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) Acnes Bacterial Burden: Orthopedic Shoulder Infection Prevention Strategy?

Background Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a common shoulder periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Blue light (BL) is effectively used in the dermatologic clinical setting against acne vulgaris caused by C. acnes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the use of light source and photosensitizer (PS) to enhance antimicrobial activity. We studied the effect of PDT using BL and PS in vitro on shoulder PJI isolates of C. acnes. Methods 19 strains were grown in thioglycollate medium and diluted in sterile normal saline (NS) to a turbidity of 0.5 McFarland standard; OD600 of 0.1 to 0.15. 250 µL with PS added were placed in 96-well plates at 37ºC, exposed to BL (415 nm) placed 1 cm above for 0 to 60 minutes at 15-minute intervals. Susceptibility to BL alone, and BL with PSs such as riboflavin (R, Vit B2), fluorescein (F) or demeclocycline (tetracycline antibiotic, “D”) were studied. After serial 10-fold dilution with NS, 3 µL of each well were spotted onto Brucella Blood Agar plates and incubated anaerobically for 48 hours. Eradication was defined as below the limit of detection. Definitions include Sensitive (S) if 3-log decrease in bacterial density or eradication at any time point, Weakly Sensitive (WS) with 1- to 3-log decrease and Resistant (R) with no decrease. Results Based on BL alone, (n = 19). 68% strains were S, 32% were resistant. BL+ R (10 μg/mL) effect in 25% (n = 3) and exerted a protective effect against 33% (n = 4). BL+ F (1 μg/mL) potentiated in 67%. BL+ D (0.1–1.5 μg/mL) in 83% of strains tested. The most resistant strain was eradicated using BL + D at an increased concentration of demeclocycline (2.5 μg/mL). Conclusion F and D enhanced the potential for eradication compared with BL exposure alone. R was a photo-protectant to BL for select strains. Prior studies have hypothesized endogenous intracellular porphyrins excited by BL causing energy transfer and production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species causing bacterial death. Future clinical research evaluating the use of preoperative PS and surgical site exposure to BL as a preventative PJI strategy are needed. Our research shows that BL with the addition of PS significantly reduces the bacterial burden of clinically relevant PJI shoulder isolates of C. acnes in an in vitro model. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

The Clinical and Experimental Research on the Treatment of Endometriosis with Thiostrepton

Background/Objective:Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) is frequently activated in tumors. We studied the expression and the possible mechanism of FOXM1 and evaluated the effects of thiostrepton in an endometriotic rat model.Methods and Material:This was a randomized study in a rat model of endometriosis. Fifty female Wistar rats were surgically induced with endometriosis. After 4 weeks of observation, twenty and thirty rats were randomly allocated to an ovariectomized (OVX) group and a treatment group, respectively. The OVX group was ovariectomized and randomly divided into an OVX-estrogen group and a control (OVX -oil) group. All rats were allowed a resting period of 3 days prior to any operation. The rats in the estrogen group were given estradiol (20 µg/kg, 0.1 ml /d), while the control group was treated with an equivalent amount of sesame oil. Every group was injected with subcutaneous injection for 7 days. The treatment group was randomly divided into three groups to receive the following: TST at 150 mg/kg, ip.; TST at 250 mg/kg, ip.; or sterile normal saline, ip. The groups received these dosages every 2 days for 2 weeks. Lesion growth, histological examination, and protein expression were subsequently analyzed using caliper measurement, histology, immunostaining, and Western blot after each rat received an injection in its own group.Results:Our results showed that FOXM1 is enriched in nucleus of an ectopic endometrium when compared with a eutopic uterus. Furthermore, we found that an ERK/FOXM1/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) signaling pathway might result in the establishment and development of endometriosis. Finally, a thiostrepton concentration dependently reduced the expression of FOXM1, MMP9 and Bcl-2 in endometriotic lesions of the treated rats. Statistical significance was accepted for a value of P < 0.05.Conclusion:We postulate that thiostrepton could inhibit the endometriotic lesions, at least in part, by decreasing the FOXM1 expression and exerting a pro-apoptotic effect. We reported for the first time that FOXM1 expresses in experimental endometriosis rat and thiostrepton may also be suitable for the administration of endometriosis by inhibiting the growth of endometriotic implants. More studies are needed to further evaluate thiostrepton’s effect.

Saline Load Test for Detecting Traumatic Arthrotomy in the Wrist

Background Open injuries communicating with the wrist joint are essential to detect to facilitate timely, appropriate treatment. While the saline load test to detect traumatic arthrotomy has been well studied in the knee and ankle, it has not been studied in the wrist, and therefore the appropriate volume of saline infusion to detect traumatic arthrotomy is not known. Purpose The purpose of this study was to utilize wrist arthroscopy to determine the saline infusion volume necessary to achieve 99% sensitivity in detecting traumatic arthrotomy. Methods Twenty consecutive patients undergoing elective wrist arthroscopy were prospectively enrolled. A 5-mm arthrotomy was established between the third and fourth dorsal extensor compartments. An 18-gauge needle was inserted into the 6R portal on the radial side of the extensor carpi ulnaris. Sterile normal saline was injected into the wrist joint through the needle at a rate of 0.1 mL per second until extravasation from the 3–4 portal was visualized. Saline volumes required for extravasation were analyzed. Results The mean saline volume required for extravasation was 0.8 mL. The volume of saline needed to achieve sensitivities of 50, 90, 95, and 99% were 0.4, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.5 mL respectively. Conclusions The saline infusion volume required to detect a dorsal radiocarpal arthrotomy with 99% sensitivity was 2.5 mL. We recommend using at least 2.5 mL when performing the saline load test to rule out a potential arthrotomy to the wrist in the traumatic setting. Level of Evidence: This is a Level II, diagnostic study.