Arctic Data Buoy Program

Polar Record ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (131) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Untersteiner ◽  
Alan S. Thorndike
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Radio Wave ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Storage Batteries ◽  
New Generation

The Arctic Data Buoy Program described in this article is designed to provide certain fundamental data from an inaccessible region, using automatic devices rather than costly manned stations. The first effort in that direction was the Soviet Drifting Automatic Radiometeorological Stations (DARMS) programme of the 1950s and 1960s (Olenicoff, 1968). These buoys reflected the then state of technology which involved the use of heavy storage batteries and a method of location by high frequency (HF) radio wave triangulation (Figs 1,2; Table 1). Restrictions of that system—high cost, weight, and limited range and accuracy of HF radio wave triangulation— apparently caused the Soviet Union to terminate the programme. At about the same time satellite navigation and data transmission technology, developed in the United States, created a new generation of data buoys. These buoys can accommodate a wide range of sensors, data compression and pre-processing devices and hull designs, for stationary use on land, as moored or drifting ocean data buoys, or on sea ice; they can be installed on land, in the ocean from ships, or by parachute drops from aircraft.

scholarly journals Increasing Relevance of Treaties: The Case of the Arctic

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Koivurova
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Polar Bear ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soviet Leader ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cold War

The Arctic was one of the main theatres for strategic military confrontation during the Cold War between the blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union. There was no place for multilateral cooperation, other than for very limited issue areas, such as the 1973 Agreement on Conservation of Polar Bears between the five states with polar bear populations. Yet, the warming of relations by the end of the Cold War changed all this. Inspired by Secretary-General Mikhail Gorbachev’s speech in 1987, in which the Soviet leader pro-posed various possible areas for Arctic cooperation, differing ideas for international cooperation were advanced. Canadians, in particular, were trying to advance international treaty-based general cooperation for the Arctic, but this never came to pass and it was eventually Finland who was able to broker soft-law collaboration between the Cold War rivals.

scholarly journals From the Open Skies Proposal of 1955 to the Norstad Plan of 1960: A Plan Too Far

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Incremental Approach ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Test Ban

A proposal drafted by General Lauris Norstad for the creation of a limited inspection zone in Central Europe and in the Arctic Circle—a proposal that came to be known as the Norstad Plan—evolved out of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Open Skies proposal. The proposal, based on ideas promoted by Eisenhower's disarmament adviser, Harold Stassen, departed from traditional U.S. disarmament policy. The plan was eventually aborted by West Germany and France, but the document heralded a shift in Eisenhower's disarmament policy. The president was ready to give up the all-or-nothing approach and adopt an incremental approach. To this end, the United States would make concessions that would render U.S. proposals more acceptable to the Soviet Union. The plan adumbrated the conceptual change that paved the way for the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Religious Freedom and the New Evangelical Foreign Policy Lobby

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-94
Author(s):  
Lauren Frances Turek
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter explores how evangelical internationalism developed into a focused vision for U.S. foreign relations that provided the foundation for political advocacy on a wide range of global issues by the late 1970s and early 1980s. It argues that a powerful evangelical foreign policy emerged in response to growing anxieties about developments in international relations. It also explains how evangelicals drew on their connections with coreligionists abroad and combined their spiritual beliefs with human rights language in order to build support among policymakers for the cause of international religious liberty. The chapter reflects the layered and multimodal nature of evangelical internationalist development and of the foreign policy challenges that evangelical activists confronted. It also reveals how evangelical leaders, missionaries, and interest groups drew on their political power and the international evangelical network to shape international relations and national policies in the United States, the Soviet Union, Guatemala, and South Africa.

scholarly journals Boris Tishchenko and the new generation of Soviet composers of the 1960s: political and economic context

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Iurii Eduardovich Serov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Music Education ◽  
New Music ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Russian Composers ◽  
New Generation

The subject of this research is the period of the Russian symphonic music of the early 1960s. The scene saw the emergence of a new generation of composers – the so-called “Sixtiers”, making themselves known with remarkable artistic achievements, novel and modern musical language. Emphasis is place on such aspects of the topic, as the system of music education that established in the Soviet Union by the mid XX century, sustained material affluence of the Soviet composers, and ideological pressure of the government in return for such care. Special attention. Special attention is given to the new artistic opportunities for the young Russian composers that emerged as a result of the political “thaw”. The scientific consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of a wide range of memoir literature and critical articles of the representatives of the “new wave” movement, as therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of the complex processes that unfolded in the Soviet academic music. A detailed analysis is conducted on the role and place in the struggle for “new music” of the youngest musician out of the “Sixtiers” – a prominent Russian symphonist of the XX century Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko (1939 – 2010). The main conclusion is reflected in the thought on a certain triumph of the School of Soviet Composers and the system of music education, which is most clearly described by the last three decades of the existence of the Soviet Union.

“Exclusive Preserves” and the New Soviet Policy Toward the Un Secretariat

1991 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor Meron
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

An “exclusive preserve” of a state in the UN Secretariat is a post that is continuously filled by nationals of the same state. Virtually from the founding of the United Nations, the Secretariat has observed an “unofficial” practice of exclusive preserves for many senior posts held by nationals of several influential states, including the United States; but its most persistent advocate, and with regard to a particularly wide range of posts, has been the Soviet Union. In view of the past underrepresentation of Soviet nationals in the Secretariat, largely because the Soviet Government insisted that its nationals be recruited only on fixed-term contracts based on secondment from the Government and Soviet institutions, a considerable number of posts were set aside to be filled on a replacement basis. The occupants of those posts were selected by the Secretary-General from a very short list of candidates submitted by the Soviet Government. The object of this Editorial is to assess the impact of the new Soviet policy toward the UN Secretariat, recent General Assembly resolutions and the jurisprudence of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal on the practice of exclusive preserves.

Nurses Across Borders: Displaced Russian and Soviet Nurses after World War I and World War II

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Grant ◽  
Alice Fisher Fellow
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
World War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

Russian and Soviet nurse refugees faced myriad challenges attempting to become registered nurses in North America and elsewhere after the World War II. By drawing primarily on International Council of Nurses refugee files, a picture can be pieced together of the fate that befell many of those women who left Russia and later the Soviet Union because of revolution and war in the years after 1917. The history of first (after World War I) and second (after World War II) wave émigré nurses, integrated into the broader historical narrative, reveals that professional identity was just as important to these women as national identity. This became especially so after World War II, when Russian and Soviet refugee nurses resettled in the West. Individual accounts become interwoven on an international canvas that brings together a wide range of personal experiences from women based in Russia, the Soviet Union, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The commonality of experience among Russian nurses as they attempted to establish their professional identities highlights, through the prism of Russia, the importance of the history of the displaced nurse experience in the wider context of international migration history.

scholarly journals L’initiative de Gorbatchev à Mourmansk et les mesures de restauration de la confiance dans l’Arctique

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Evgenia L. Issaraelian
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Security ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nineteen Fifties ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Soviet Union

In his speech at Murmansk on October 1, 1987, General Secretary Gorbachev presented a programme to radically lower the level of military confrontation in the Arctic and proposed a number of confidence-building measures. The Murmansk initiative followed numerous previous proposals along the same line, going back to the nineteen fifties. The political and military aspects of the initiative are linked to the Soviet concept of international security. There are three main elements to this concept: first, the impossibility, to-day, of insuring a country's security by military means alone; second, security must be mutual between the Soviet Union and the United States and it must be universal in the rest of the world; third, security must be comprehensive and must include the military, political, economic and humanitarian dimensions. Specifically on northern security, it must be noted that the Soviet Union is quite vulnerable in the Arctic, with about half of its total land mass north of the 60th parallel. Also, the Arctic offers the shortest route for ICBMS, SLBMs and strategic bombers. Consequently, international security in the Arctic dictates confidence-building measures. The Murmansk initiative represents a significant contribution to the whole process of confidence-building by proposing, in particular: to limit the number of large exercises by naval and air forces in the Northern seas; to invite observers to such exercises; to include Barents Sea, along with other Northern seas, in a zone of peace; to ban anti-submarine activities in agreed areas of the Northern and Western Atlantic; to include the reduction of military activities in the Arctic on the agenda of the second stage of the Conference on CBM and Disarmement in Europe; to reduce naval activities in international straits; and to pursue the establishment of a Nordic nuclear weapon-free zone for which the Soviet Union would act as guarantor.

Diana Dumitru, The State, Antisemitism, and Collaboration in the Holocaust: The Borderlands of Romania and the Soviet Union. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. xiv + 268 pp.

2020 ◽  
pp. 256-258
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Red Army

This study by Moldovian historian Diana Dumitru focuses on Jewish-Gentile relations in Bessarabia and Transnistria from the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 to the liberation of these areas by the Red Army in 1944. Her book is based on material gleaned from a wide range of sources (archival, secondary, periodicals, oral testimonies) from Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, the United States, and Israel, and its six chapters cover three chronological periods: late tsarist Russia, interwar Romania and the U.S.S.R., and the Holocaust years....

In the Shadow of the Bomb: U.S.-Soviet Biomedical Relations in the Early Cold War, 1944–1948

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Krementsov
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Nuclear Bomb ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The Cold War

The deterioration of U.S.-Soviet scientific relations in 1946–1948 traditionally has been seen as simply a consequence of the growing political conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. Scientific activities with direct military applications—most clearly manifested in the nuclear bomb—have been depicted as the primary motive for a variety of Cold War science policies, ranging from restrictions on international cooperation to the veil of secrecy placed over military-related scientific research. This article explores U.S.-Soviet relations in oncology in 1944–1948 and shows that science became an integral part and an instrument, rather than a mere reflection, of the Cold War confrontation. Science played a central role in the formulation of certain Cold War policies and informed Soviet decision-making on a wide range of policy issues that were essential to the growth of the Cold War. In this context, the symbolic value of science as a propaganda tool became no less important than its military applications.

Photography's Exiles: from Painting, Patriarchy, and Patria

October ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. D. Buchloh
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Cultural Discontinuity ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Democratic Nation ◽  
Weimar Culture ◽  
The Impact

This issue is the second part of a two-part October project dealing with the photographic practices of women in Weimar culture and in exile from it. Focusing on seven crucial figures (Ellen Auerbach, Ilse Bing, Anne Fischer, Gisèle Freund, Lotte Jacobi, Germaine Krull, and Grete Stern), the essays collected here address a wide range of productive changes and destructive conflicts challenging traditional models of the photographers' social, artistic, and professional identities. Some of these changes resulted from the impact of emerging technologies (both in the infrastructural organization of everyday life and in photography's own newly evolving technologies of cameras and color) and some from the dismantling of the liberal democratic nation state either by the rise of state socialism in the Soviet Union or of fascism in Germany. When these Weimar photographers had to find refuge in France, in the United States, in South Africa, or in Argentina, they found themselves not only confronted with the demands of a rapidly advancing and controlling culture industry but also with the caesura of cultural discontinuity and the disillusioning effects of living in exile.

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