scholarly journals Is there a bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive ability in older people? A prospective study using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 2057-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Gale ◽  
M. Allerhand ◽  
I. J. Deary
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Older People ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

BackgroundCross-sectional surveys of older people commonly find associations between higher levels of depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance, but the direction of effect is unclear. We examined whether there was a bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and general cognitive ability in non-demented older people, and explored the role of physical health, smoking, exercise, social class and education as potential confounders of this association and as possible determinants of the rate of change of cognitive decline and depressive symptoms.MethodThe English Longitudinal Study of Ageing consists of people aged 50 years and over. Cognitive function and self-reported depressive symptoms were measured in 2002–2003, 2004–2005, 2006–2007 and 2008–2009. We fitted linear piecewise models with fixed knot positions to allow different slopes for different age groups. Analyses are based on 8611 people.ResultsMean cognitive function declined with age; there was no trend in the trajectory of depressive symptoms. Better cognitive function was associated with less depression up to the age of 80 years. Greater depression was associated with a slightly faster rate of cognitive decline but only in people aged 60–80 years. There were no consistent associations across age groups between sex, smoking, education, social class, exercise or number of chronic physical illnesses and the rate of change of cognitive decline or depressive symptoms.ConclusionsIn this longitudinal study of older people, there was no consistent evidence that being more depressed led to an acceleration in cognitive decline and no support for the hypothesis that there might be reciprocal dynamic influences between cognitive ability and depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals Cognitive function trajectories and their determinants in older people: 8 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Zaninotto ◽  
G David Batty ◽  
Michael Allerhand ◽  
Ian J Deary
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Older People ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Growth Curve Modelling ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

BackgroundMaintaining cognitive function is an important aspect of healthy ageing. In this study, we examined age trajectories of cognitive decline in a large nationally representative sample of older people in England. We explored the factors that influence such decline and whether these differed by gender.MethodsLatent growth curve modelling was used to explore age-specific changes, and influences on them, in an 8-year period in memory, executive function, processing speed and global cognitive function among 10 626 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We run gender-specific models with the following exposures: age, education, wealth, childhood socioeconomic status, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, physical function, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, depression and dementia.ResultsAfter adjustment, women had significantly less decline than men in memory (0.011, SE 0.006), executive function (0.012, SE 0.006) and global cognitive function (0.016, SE 0.004). Increasing age and dementia predicted faster rates of decline in all cognitive function domains. Depression and alcohol consumption predicted decline in some cognitive function domains in men only. Poor physical function, physical inactivity and smoking were associated with faster rates of decline in specific cognitive domains in both men and women. For example, relative to study members who were physically active, the sedentary experienced greater declines in memory (women −0.018, SE 0.009) and global cognitive function (men −0.015, SE 0.007 and women −0.016, SE 0.007).ConclusionsThe potential determinants of cognitive decline identified in this study, in particular modifiable risk factors, should be tested in the context of randomised controlled trials.

scholarly journals Exploring the bidirectional associations between loneliness and cognitive functioning over 10 years: the English longitudinal study of ageing

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1937-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiamin Yin ◽  
Camille Lassale ◽  
Andrew Steptoe ◽  
Dorina Cadar
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Linear Slope ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background As the population ages, cognitive decline and dementia have become major health concerns in the UK. Loneliness has been linked to cognitive decline, but the reverse causality of this association remains unclear. This study aims to examine whether there is a bidirectional relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in older English adults (age 50 years and over) over a 10-year follow-up. Methods Data came from a nationally representative sample of 5885 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), free of stroke or dementia and followed every 2 years up to wave 7 (2014–15). At each wave, cognitive function was measured with word recall and verbal fluency tests, and loneliness was measured with the abridged version of the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Bivariate dual change score models were used to assess the multivariate associations between loneliness and cognitive function, used interchangeably as exposures and outcomes. Results Greater loneliness at baseline was associated with poorer memory [β intercept = −0.03, standard error (SE) = 0.01, P  =  0.016] and verbal fluency (β intercept = −0.01, SE  =  001, P =  0.027) at baseline, and with a stronger linear rate of decline in both memory (β linear slope = −0.07, SE  =  001, P  ≤ 0.001) and verbal fluency (β linear slope = −0.09, SE  =  0.03, P =  0.003) over a 10-year follow-up period, although the performance on verbal fluency did not change substantially on average over this period. We also found that higher baseline memory, but not verbal fluency, predicted a slower change in loneliness (β linear slope = −0.01, SE  =  001, P =  0.004) and that a linear decline in memory was associated with an acceleration in loneliness (β quadratic slope = −0.02, SE  =  001, P  ≤ 0.001) during follow-up. Conclusions Higher loneliness is associated with poorer cognitive function at baseline and contributes to a worsening in memory and verbal fluency over a decade. These factors seem, however, to be partially intertwined, since baseline memory and its rate of decline also contribute to an increase in loneliness over time.

scholarly journals Long-term Variability in Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Parameters and Cognitive Decline: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Hua-Min Liu ◽  
Fu-Rong Li ◽  
Jing-Rong Yu ◽  
Ze-Lin Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Composite Effect ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Decline Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background The relationship between variability in cardiometabolic and inflammatory parameters and cognitive changes is unknown. We aimed to investigate the association of visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, as well as the composite effect of the VVV in these parameters on cognitive decline. Methods We performed a longitudinal study using data from adults aged 50 years and older in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Biomarkers were assessed at waves 2 (baseline, 2004/2005), 4 (2008/2009), 6 (2012/2013), 8 (2014-2016) and 9 (2018/2019). Cognitive function, including memory, executive function and orientation, were measured. VVV was expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation (SD), and variability independent of the mean (VIM) across visits conducted at a mean interval of 3.5 years. To explore the composite effect of parameter variability, we generated a variability score (range: 0-24), where 0 points were assigned for Q1, 1 point for Q2, 2 points for Q3, and 3 points for Q4 each for the variability of eight parameters measured as VIM. Participants were divided based on quartiles of variability score. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate longitudinal associations. Results A total of 2366 participants (56.1% women, mean age 63.0 ± 7.5 years) with at least three measurements of biomarkers were included, and the mean follow-up duration was 11.2 ± 2.0 years. Higher BMI, SBP, TC, HbA1c and ferritin variability was linearly associated with global and domain-specific cognitive decline irrespective of their mean values over time. Additionally, compared with the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of variability score had a significantly worse global cognitive decline rate (-0.0238, 95% CI -0.0376, -0.0100), memory decline rate (-0.0224, 95% CI -0.0319, -0.0129) and orientation decline rate (-0.0129, 95% CI -0.0245, -0.0012).Conclusions Higher variability in cardiometabolic and inflammatory parameters was significantly associated with cognitive decline, and the composite effect of these parameters was evident. Stabilizing these parameters may serve as a target to preserve cognitive function.

scholarly journals Evaluating associations between metabolic health, obesity and depressive symptoms: a prospective analysis of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) with a 2‑year follow‑up

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e025394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Slater ◽  
Charlotte Rowley ◽  
Rebecca Hayley Venables ◽  
Simon White ◽  
Martin Frisher
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Older People ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Prospective Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

ObjectivesConflicting results have been reported when the associations between metabolic health, obesity and depression were examined previously. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether metabolic health or obesity are independently associated with depressive symptoms, among a representative sample of older people living in England. Independent associations between covariates and depression were also examined.DesignProspective study with a 2-year follow-up.SettingThe English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Wave 6 (2012–2013) and Wave 7 (2014–2015).Participants6804 participants aged older than 50 years.Data AnalysisMultivariate models were used to determine whether metabolic health or obesity are independently associated with depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up. Unadjusted and adjusted ORs with corresponding 95% CI were calculated; the adjusted ORs took account of baseline depression, gender, age, wealth, obesity and poor metabolic health.ResultsBefore adjusting for covariates, poor metabolic health was associated with depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up (OR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.44, p<0.01). After adjusting for covariates, the association was no longer statistically significant (OR 1.17; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.38, p=0.07). Similarly, obesity was associated with depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up before adjusting for covariates (OR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.33 to 1.79, p<0.01). However, after adjusting for covariates the association between obesity and depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up became statistically insignificant (OR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.41, p=0.06). The strongest predictors for future depression were baseline depression (OR 10.59; 95% CI, 8.90 to 12.53, p<0.01) and lower wealth (OR 3.23; 95% CI, 2.44 to 4.35, p<0.01).ConclusionNeither poor metabolic health nor obesity were associated with a risk of depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up, after adjusting for covariates. As wealth inequalities continue to rise across England, the risk of depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up is likely to be elevated in individuals living in the lower wealth quintiles.

scholarly journals Reading activity prevents long-term decline in cognitive function in older people: evidence from a 14-year longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hung Chang ◽  
I-Chien Wu ◽  
Chao A. Hsiung
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Older People ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Reading Activity ◽  
Reduced Risk

ABSTRACT Objective: This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. Design: A longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up. Setting: Face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home. Participants: A representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years. Measurements: Baseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels. Results: After adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels. Conclusions: Reading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.

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