On Believing—a Reply to Professor R. W. Sleeper

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-245
Author(s):  
H. H. Price
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Westerly Wind ◽  
Factual Claim ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Supreme Being

I am very grateful to Professor R. W. Sleeper for his critical comments on my article, as also for the kind way in which he has expressed them. I should now like to make a few comments on his comments.(1) May I first say that I have no objection to being metaphysical? I do not like the word ‘metaphysics’ very much, and wish that we could find a less provocative one. But still, I do think that the difference between the reducible and the irreducible belief-in is a difference which there really is (‘metaphysically really’, if you like). Moreover, I fully admit that when we believe in God we are making a factual claim. It is, of course, a factual claim of rather a special kind. If it is a fact that there is a supreme Being, ‘The Lord of All’, this is not just one fact among others. It is not quite like the fact that there is a stormy north-westerly wind this morning. One could not just give a list of facts and add at the end, ‘There is also another fact which I had forgotten to mention: there is a God’. All the same, this factual claim, like others, does need to be justified; and how is it to be justified? I am afraid that the brief hint which I offered elsewhere on this subject is indeed ‘not good enough’ as it stands (Sleeper p. 79). To be even half good enough, it needs much more elaboration, and I agree that there is much force in Mr Gunderson's criticisms.

The Need to Seek for God

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-296
Author(s):  
Michael Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
Absence Of Evidence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hiddenness Of God ◽  
Supreme Being

Given the foregoing reasons for taking the Christian option seriously, Pascal argues that the non-believer should, as a matter of sheer self-interest, seek for God; that is, in the first instance, investigate the truth-claims of Christianity. Atheists’ dismissal of these claims, he argues, rests on a misunderstanding of the claims themselves. Christianity preaches that God is hidden (as a result of the Fall, before which he made himself clearly known to human beings). This notion is discussed in the light of the argument by J. L. Schellenberg that the hiddenness of God, that is, the absence of evidence of God, constitutes grounds for affirming his non-existence. Pascal emphasizes the difference between Christianity and deism, a purely philosophical belief in a supreme being. Although God is hidden, it is in our interest to seek for him, as Pascal explains on the basis of his theory of probability. Different theories as to the placing of this appeal to self-interest (at the very beginning of the Apology, or halfway through) are evaluated.

‘A Special Kind of Reading Game’: Maps in Children's Literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Pavlik
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Opening Up

This article looks at the endpaper maps that often accompany children's novels. Taking its cue from Victor Watson's suggestion that maps ‘are both a signal and an invitation to a special kind of reading game,’ it argues the case that, rather than being considered paratextual, or only ancillary to the narratives they accompany, or (far worse) ideologically confining, as some have suggested, such maps are irreducible to simply the ideology of the individuals who ‘author’ them. Following Michel de Certeau's consideration of the difference between maps and tours, the article then discusses how these maps might unfold spatial potential, repeatedly remaking territory, thereby opening up the notion of spatiality for the reader.

scholarly journals Misyar Marriage

1970 ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
Shirine Jurdi
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
The Difference

This article deals with a special kind of marriage in Islam known as the Ambulant marriage or the Zawaj al-Misyar. So what is the ambulant marriage? Does itabide by shari 'a law as applied in the Muslim world? What is the difference between misyar marriage and other recognized Islamic marriages? What do women achieve by entering into such a marriage and what do they lose?

scholarly journals What is meaning? Paul Grice’s answer

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-88
Author(s):  
Paul Grice
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Informal Logic ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

The present paper discusses the ideas presented in Paul Grice’s groundbreaking paper ‘Meaning’ published in 1957. The ideas are examined in the perspective of Grice’s ma­ture, complete and elaborate approach to language. The following tenets are indicated as the main features of that approach: (1) though meaning and use are closely connected, they should not be identified; (2) the theory of meaning and language as a whole must be systematic and explanatory; (3) the meaning of linguistic expressions is explicated in terms of psychological states, first of all, in terms of intentions; (4) three kinds of meaning are distinguished: the meaning of a sentence, the uttered content (what is said), and speaker (utterer’s) meaning; (5) conversation is treated as a rational activity submit­ted to some general principles: to recognize the speaker intentions the audience makes a special kind of inference – implicatures; (6) natural languages has no special informal logic; (7) semantic and pragmatic aspects of language has no clear-cut boundary, they in­teract with each other. In discussing Grice’s article ‘Meaning’ a special attention is paid to three points: the difference between natural and non-natural meaning, the applied proce­dure of conceptual analysis (through identifying necessary and sufficient conditions for attributing non-natural (or speaker) meaning and the nature (reflexive or iterative) of speaker intentions which later were called ‘communicative’. Though Grice is commonly regarded to be a philosopher of ordinary language, his views on the character of meaning and conversation testify to the effect that he rejects some important principles of that philosophical school.

Über Actin-Nucleotide und die Funktion und Bindung der Nucleotidphosphate im G- und F-Actin

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Grubhofer ◽  
Hans H. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mechanical Destruction ◽  
Reversible Dissociation ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

1. If pure F-actin-ADP * which is free of enzymes is depolymerized G-actin-ATP * arises in the presence of 10-4 M ATP, G-actin-ITP * in the presence of 10-4 M ITP, and G-actin-ADP in the presence of 10-4 M ADP. If the depolymerization takes place in the absence of free nucleotide phosphate G-actin-ADP also arises. If G-actin-ADP is added to a solution containing 10-4 M ITP or ATP the bound ADP is exchanged with ATP respectively with ITP (Section II).2. G-actin-ATP and G-actin-ITP polymerize to F-actin-ADP and to F-actin-IDP respectively by splitting off the γ-phosphate of the ATP or ITP. G-actin-ADP polymerizes to F-actin-ADP without splitting off phosphate. The polymerization of G-actin-ADP is as complete as the polymerization of G-actin-ATP; but the process is perceptibly shower (Section II).3. G-actin that is not bound to a nucleotide phosphate does not polymerize (Section II).4. G-actin-ADP in the absence of free ADP spontaneously disintegrates in a half-life of 70 minutes to yield G-actin and ADP. If the dissociating ADP is continuously removed by being bound to Dowex 1 × 10 the half life drops to 7 to 8 minutes. In the presence of Dowex G-actin-ATP disintegrates in a half life of 240 minutes (Section III).5. The disintegration of G-actin-ADP takes place in two stages. A reversible dissociation into ADP and G-actin I is followed by an irreversible denaturation of G-actin I to G-actin II in a half life ~ 12 minutes. Contrary to actin I G-actin II even on the addition of ATP no longer polymerizes. The difference in the half life of pure G-actin-ADP on the hand and of G-actin-ADP+ADP as well as G-actin-ATP on the other must be attributed to the relatively high equilibrium concentration of G-actin I in the first case and of the relatively slight equilibrium concentration of G-actin I in the second case (Section IV).6. If the alkaline earth of G-actin is blocked by 10-3 M EDTA G-actin-ATP disintegrates in a half life ∼ 3 minutes and G-actin-ADP in a half life ∼ 0,3 minutes. On the other hand, the stability of F-actin-ADP is not noticeably affected (Section V).7. Through a two hour rapid dialysis in the presence of 10-4 M ATP the KCl-content of an F-actin-ADP solution drops to 5 × 10-4 M KCl. In spite of this the depolymerization and exchange of ADP with ATP is finished not before 40 hours if the solution remains at rest. If, however, the actin solution containing 5 × 10-4 M KCl is treated with the Teflon homogenizer for about 30 sec. depolymerization and ADP-ATP-exchange occur immediately. On the contrary, F-actin-ADP in 10–1 M KCl solution is not affected at all by a treatment with the Teflon-homogenizer. Apparently the decrease of the KClconcentration from 10-1 M to 5 × 10-4 M considerably diminishes the strength of the bond between the actin monomers without immediately destroying the F-actin arrangement. The immediate ADP-ATP-exchange after the mechanical destruction of the F-actin arrangement proves that this exchange in F-actin does not take place only because of steric hindrance. ADP is present in F-actin apparently between the individual monomers so that EDTA, ATP and enzymes affecting ATP cannot approach ADP. Consequently it is not necessary to assume that the extraordinary stability of F-actin-ADP is due to a special kind of bond between actin monomers and nucleotide phosphate (Section V).8. In the appendix it is shown that G-actin-ADP does not polymerize 15′ after preparation if the aceton dried muscle powder is prepared at pH 8 to 9 instead of pH ∼ 7.

From Negative Polarity to Negative Concord—Slavic Footprints in the Diachronic Change of Hebrew meʔuma, klum, and šum davar

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einat-Haya Keren
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
The Difference

The article is concerned with a special kind of negative items that changed their distribution when Hebrew became a spoken language again, as an impact of the native languages of its first users. The main claim is that the items meʔuma, klum, and šum davar, which function as Negative Polarity Items (npis) in Biblical and Rabbinic texts, and are therefore translated as ‘anything,’ have changed their function into Negative Concord Items (ncis) in the course of Hebrew’s so-called revival, and are now better translated as ‘nothing.’ Though both classes are often used with negation, there are contexts in which only ncis or npis are allowed. Showing the difference in distribution between Modern and Classical Hebrew, the article compares meʔuma, klum, and šum davar to parallel ncis in Polish, Russian, and Yiddish. It concludes that the shift in distribution and meaning of these items is mostly due to influence of Slavic languages.

scholarly journals Some Series Of Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs

1955 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Incomplete Block ◽  
Balanced Incomplete Block Designs ◽  
Incomplete Block Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Balanced Incomplete Block ◽  
Standard Statistical Technique

1. Introduction. The use of incomplete block designs for estimating and judging the significance of the difference of treatment effects is now a standard statistical technique. A special kind of incomplete block design is the Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Design (PBIBD) introduced in (3).

Determination of Cavity Detachment for Sheet Cavitation

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (9) ◽  
pp. 1105-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Amromin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bodies Of Revolution ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Sheet Cavitation ◽  
Fluid Theory ◽  
Entire Flow ◽  
The Difference

Sheet cavitation has been traditionally analyzed with ideal fluid theory that employs the cavitation number as the single parameter. However, characteristics of cavitation can significantly depend on location of cavity detachment. According to known experimental data, this location is influenced by the freestream speed and the body/hydrofoil size. As shown in this paper, it takes place because of the combined effect of the Reynolds number and Weber number. Here, sheet cavitation is considered as a special kind of viscous separation caused by the cavity itself. The viscous-inviscid interaction concept is employed to analyze the entire flow. Validation of the suggested approach is provided for hydrofoils and bodies of revolution. The effects of flow speed, the body size, and its surface wettability are illustrated by comparison of computed cavity length/shape to the known experimental data. The difference between cavity detachment in laminar and turbulent boundary layers is discussed.

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

Influence of Cell Wall Composition on the Fossilisation of Bacteria and the Implications for the Search for Early Life Forms

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Westall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Cation Binding ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hydrothermal Sediments ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe oldest cell-like structures on Earth are preserved in silicified lagoonal, shallow sea or hydrothermal sediments, such as some Archean formations in Western Australia and South Africa. Previous studies concentrated on the search for organic fossils in Archean rocks. Observations of silicified bacteria (as silica minerals) are scarce for both the Precambrian and the Phanerozoic, but reports of mineral bacteria finds, in general, are increasing. The problems associated with the identification of authentic fossil bacteria and, if possible, closer identification of bacteria type can, in part, be overcome by experimental fossilisation studies. These have shown that not all bacteria fossilise in the same way and, indeed, some seem to be very resistent to fossilisation. This paper deals with a transmission electron microscope investigation of the silicification of four species of bacteria commonly found in the environment. The Gram positiveBacillus laterosporusand its spore produced a robust, durable crust upon silicification, whereas the Gram negativePseudomonas fluorescens, Ps. vesicularis, andPs. acidovoranspresented delicately preserved walls. The greater amount of peptidoglycan, containing abundant metal cation binding sites, in the cell wall of the Gram positive bacterium, probably accounts for the difference in the mode of fossilisation. The Gram positive bacteria are, therefore, probably most likely to be preserved in the terrestrial and extraterrestrial rock record.

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