Effects of 2,4,5-T During the Approach of Woody Plant Dormancy

The shoots of naturally established specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were treated under conditions of approaching dormancy. Aqueous sprays of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were applied as foliar treatments to the point of run-off at 2-week intervals beginning September 13 and continuing until three applications had been made for turkey oak and five had been made for red maple. Three experiments were conducted for turkey oak and two for red maple. Application rates were 2, 4, 8, and 16 lb of 2,4,5-T aehg of spray solution except that the 16-1b rate was deleted for turkey oak. Ester and amine derivatives were evaluated. Responses measured 9, 12, and 24 months after initiation of the experiments were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. The average estimated control of original shoots of turkey oak and red maple increased from 42 to 54% as the application date was advanced from September 13 to October 11. The average height of the plants treated September 13 considering all evaluation dates was 3.4 ft compared to 2.6 ft for treatment made 4 weeks later. The results suggest two seasonal peaks in the response of some woody plants to foliar treatments of 2,4,5-T and that herbicidal effectiveness can be enhanced by application at the onset of senescence and dormancy.

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Woody Plant Shoot Management and Response to Herbicidal Treatment

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500031258 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 175-180

Author(s):

R. P. Upchurch ◽

J. A. Keaton ◽

H. D. Coble

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Woody Plant ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Red Maple ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Management Procedures ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Practical Implications

Shoots of naturally established, foliated red maple (Acer rubrumL.) and persimmon (Diospyros virginianaL.) growing in North Carolina were treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) formulations following various shoot management procedures. Shoot management prior to treatment consisted of decapitating or not decapitating shoots at 2 inches above the ground line in May when the plants were 3 to 6 ft high. Herbicidal applications were made to uncut shoots and to resprouts of previously cut shoots at 30 and 60 days after decapitation. Responses measured 10, 14, and 22 months after treatment were percent control or original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, number of live stems/plant. The original shoot and new shoot values were averaged to provide a total shoot control index. Spraying of previously cut shoots at 30 or 60 days after cutting was more effective than spraying of uncut shoots except for 2,4,5-T applied to persimmon. The average total shoot control index for 2,4-D treated red maple, considering all rates, application dates, and evaluation dates was 82% for previously cut shoots and 56% for uncut shoots while the corresponding heights were 0.9 and 4.2 ft, respectively. For 2,4,5-T-treated red maple, the total shoot control indices were 92% and 78% for previously cut and uncut shoots, respectively, while the corresponding heights were 0.4 and 1.4 ft. For persimmon, there was a net advantage for treating previously cut shoots with 2,4-D, but the reverse was true for 2,4,5-T. The results are consistent with the theoretical behavior of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in woody plants outlined as a basis for conducting the study. Alternate explanations of results are proposed and practical implications described.

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Rainfall Effects Following Herbicidal Treatment of Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450003099x ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 94-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R. P. Upchurch ◽

H. D. Coble ◽

J. A. Keaton

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Red Maple ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Turkey Oak ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Derivatives Of

In North Carolina, the shoots of naturally-established, field grown, foliated specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were treated in August with aqueous dilutions of three herbicidal products at three rates each. Simulated rainfall was applied at ½ or 1 inch at 5, 15, 60, or 120 min after herbicidal application. Responses measured 10 and 13 months after herbicidal application were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. Neither the ester nor amine derivatives of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were reduced as to their action on woody plants by the simulated rainfall applied. The action on woody plants of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) plus 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was markedly reduced by the application of all of the simulated rain treatments at any of the intervals at which they were applied following herbicidal treatment.

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Efficacy of Flupyradifurone, Pyriproxyfen and Horticultural Oil, and Dinotefuran Against Gloomy Scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa Comstock)

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2021.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 64-71

Author(s):

Kevin Chase ◽

Elden LeBrun ◽

Chad Rigsby

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Pest Management ◽

Field Trial ◽

Management Strategy ◽

Woody Plant ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Plant Health ◽

Red Maple ◽

Eastern Usa ◽

Major Pest

Gloomy scale (GS)(Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a major pest of red maple (Acer rubrum) across much of the eastern USA. Current pesticide recommendations for GS management are efficacious when applications are made at the appropriate time. However, appropriate timing may not always be possible. For instance, the tree owner may not contact pest management professionals in time to make timely applications. We established a field trial to determine the efficacy of the pesticides pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil and dinotefuran, as well as a relatively new pesticide available in the ornamental woody plant market, flupyradifurone, against GS. There were three primary goals of this study: (1) to quantitatively compare the effectiveness of pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil and dinotefuran; (2) to compare flupyradifurone with these two generally recommended treatments; and (3) to assess whether flupyradifurone is effective when applications are made later in the summer. We found that pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil, dinotefuran, and flupyradifurone applications made during the active crawler period were equally efficacious, statistically, and that flupyradifurone treatments applied later in the summer were not statistically differentiable from untreated controls. While these pesticide applications are effective at suppressing GS populations, plant health care tactics aimed at preventing outbreaks should be prioritized and incorporated into the complete pest management strategy.

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Micropropagation of Adult Red Maple and Sugar Maple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.477e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 477e-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David A. Connolly ◽

John E. Preece ◽

J.W. Van Sambeek

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Woody Plant ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Shoot Proliferation ◽

Axillary Shoot ◽

Red Maple ◽

Axillary Shoots ◽

Axillary Shoot Proliferation ◽

Woody Plant Medium ◽

The Media

Micropropagation studies were conducted to determine the best methods to achieve axillary shoot proliferation for adult Acer rubrum (red maple) and A. saccharium (sugar maple). The first experiment was conducted to compare the effects of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 μM, 1 μM, and 10 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) using Driver-Kuniyuki-Walnut medium (DKW). The second experiment was conducted to examine the effects of DKW, Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Long and Preece (LP) media in factorial combination with 0.01 and 0.1 μM TDZ. The third experiment was conducted to study the transfer timing (14 or 28 days) and the media solidification (agar-solidified or stationary liquid) on sugar maple. Both red maple and sugar maple explants on DKW with 0.1 μM TDZ produced the most and longest axillary shoots; however, sugar maple produced fewer axillary shoots than red maple. Red maple explants produced the most callus on DKW with 10 μM TDZ and the least on DKW with 0.001 μM TDZ. Sugar maple explants produced more shoots when explants were placed horizontally and transferred every 14 days than when placed vertically or transferred less frequently.

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Throughfall chemistry in a red maple provenance plantation sprayed with "acid rain"

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x87-108 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 660-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

George A. Schier

Keyword(s):

Acid Rain ◽

Late Summer ◽

Mineral Elements ◽

Simulated Acid Rain ◽

Red Maple ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Throughfall Chemistry ◽

Application Date

Trees of three red maple (Acerrubrum L.) seed sources in a plantation were sprayed with simulated acid rain [Formula: see text] at pH 5.2, 4.2, and 3.2 on five dates (May to September) and throughfall chemistry was monitored. All pH treatments produced throughfall that was less acid than the spray solution. Ca, K, Mg, and Fe were evident in throughfall on more than one date; concentrations generally were at their lowest levels in the spring, reaching a peak in mid to late summer. Na, Zn, and B were detectable only in September. Concentrations of all mineral elements in throughfall, except K, increased with increasing acidity of the spray solution. On most dates K showed little sensitivity to spray pH, but on the August application date K concentrations were significantly higher at pH 5.2 and 4.2 than at 3.2. There were small but significant differences among provenances in concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in throughfall. Concentrations of mineral elements in throughfall resulting from simulated acid rain were similar to concentrations of elements in throughfall resulting from natural precipitation of comparable pH and time.

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Response of Turkey Oak to 2,4,5-T as a Function of Final Formulation Oil Content

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500054680 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 505-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. P. Upchurch ◽

J. A. Keaton ◽

H. D. Coble

Keyword(s):

Diesel Fuel ◽

Marked Improvement ◽

Growing Season ◽

Effective Control ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Run Off ◽

Turkey Oak ◽

Oil Concentration ◽

Made In

Shoots of naturally established specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) 3 to 6 ft high were treated with 4 to 8 lb aehg of a commercial concentrate formulation of the butoxyethanol ester of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) on or about May 1, June 1, July 1, August 1, and September 1. Foliar applications were made to the point of run-off and foliar-basal treatments were made first to the basal 8 inches of the main stem and then to the lower four-fifths of the remainder of the shoot. The objective was to assess the utility of number two diesel fuel as an additive for such treatments when the oil was used at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20% in the final formulations. The experiment was repeated in 3 different years. Responses measured approximately 11, 14, and 23 months after initial treatment were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. Foliar treatments without oil were progressively less effective as they were made later in the growing season. The addition of oil to foliar treatments provided more effective control of the original shoots and greater reduction in shoot heights, especially when the oil concentration was 20%. The foliar-basal method was notably ineffective in the absence of oil. Addition of oil to the foliar-basal treatments provided marked improvement in the original shoot, total shoot control index, shoot height, and stems/plant responses, especially at the 20% level of oil. Diesel fuel is useful as an additive for 2,4,5-T sprays to be applied to turkey oak, especially where treatment is to be made in the latter half of the growing season and in particular where the lower stems can be treated.

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Growth of Tree Species in Response to Controlled-release Fertilizer Sources and Application Rates in a Commercial Nursery Setting

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.603b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 603b-603

Author(s):

Allen D. Owings ◽

Edward W. Bush

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Visual Quality ◽

Application Rate ◽

The Other ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Red Maple ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Application Rates ◽

Quality Ratings

A study was initiated at Bracy's Nursery, Amite, La., in Apr. 1997 to evaluate the influence of seven controlled-release fertilizer sources and three top-dressed application rates in production of 4-gal (15.7-L) containers of `LaFeliciana' peach and swamp red maple. The fertilizers tested were Osmocote Plus 15-9-11, Osmocote Plus 16-8-12, Woodace 20-5-10, Woodace 20-4-11, Customblen 24-4-6, Nutricote (Type 270) 17-7-8, and Nutricote (Type 360) 17-6-8. Application rates were 1.75, 2.25, and 2.75 lb N per cubic yard. The experiment was completely randomized within blocks (species) and each treatment was replicated five times. A control treatment was also included. For `LaFeliciana' peach, Nutricote and Osmocote yielded the superior results when shoot height and visual quality ratings were determined in October (6 months after initiation). Increases in application rate did not significantly increase shoot height or visual quality ratings in most cases. For swamp red maple, shoot height was not affected by fertilizer source or application rate. Caliper ranged from 19.2 to 23.0 mm but was only slightly influenced by fertilizer source and application rate. Visual quality ratings were significantly higher for Osmocote Plus 16-8-12 when compared to some of the other fertilizer sources.

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Optimal Spray Application Rates for Ornamental Nursery Liner Production

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.21.3.367 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 367-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Heping Zhu ◽

James Altland ◽

Richard C. Derksen ◽

Charles R. Krause

Keyword(s):

Spray Deposition ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Application Rate ◽

Spray Application ◽

Red Maple ◽

Exponential Equation ◽

Fluorescent Tracer ◽

Application Rates ◽

Droplet Density ◽

Spray Applications

Spray deposition and coverage at different application rates for nursery liners of different sizes were investigated to determine the optimal spray application rates. Experiments were conducted on 2- and 3-year-old ‘Autumn Spire’ red maple (Acer rubrum) liners. A traditional hydraulic sprayer with vertical booms between tree rows was used to apply the spray applications. Application rates were 10, 20, 30, and 40 gal/acre for the 2-year-old liners and were 20, 40, 60, and 80 gal/acre for the 3-year-old liners. Nylon screens were used to collect spray deposition of a fluorescent tracer dissolved in water, and water-sensitive papers were used to quantify spray coverage inside canopies. Spray deposition, coverage, and droplet density inside both 2- and 3-year-old liner canopies increased as the application rate increased. The minimum rates to spray 6.6-ft-tall, 2-year-old ‘Autumn Spire’ red maple liners and 8.7-ft-tall, 3-year-old liners were 20 and 40 gal/acre, respectively. An exponential equation was derived from these results to estimate the spray application rate required for different tree liner heights and to minimize excessive chemical use in rapidly growing tree liners.

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