Woody Plant Shoot Management and Response to Herbicidal Treatment

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton ◽  
H. D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Practical Implications

Shoots of naturally established, foliated red maple (Acer rubrumL.) and persimmon (Diospyros virginianaL.) growing in North Carolina were treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) formulations following various shoot management procedures. Shoot management prior to treatment consisted of decapitating or not decapitating shoots at 2 inches above the ground line in May when the plants were 3 to 6 ft high. Herbicidal applications were made to uncut shoots and to resprouts of previously cut shoots at 30 and 60 days after decapitation. Responses measured 10, 14, and 22 months after treatment were percent control or original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, number of live stems/plant. The original shoot and new shoot values were averaged to provide a total shoot control index. Spraying of previously cut shoots at 30 or 60 days after cutting was more effective than spraying of uncut shoots except for 2,4,5-T applied to persimmon. The average total shoot control index for 2,4-D treated red maple, considering all rates, application dates, and evaluation dates was 82% for previously cut shoots and 56% for uncut shoots while the corresponding heights were 0.9 and 4.2 ft, respectively. For 2,4,5-T-treated red maple, the total shoot control indices were 92% and 78% for previously cut and uncut shoots, respectively, while the corresponding heights were 0.4 and 1.4 ft. For persimmon, there was a net advantage for treating previously cut shoots with 2,4-D, but the reverse was true for 2,4,5-T. The results are consistent with the theoretical behavior of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in woody plants outlined as a basis for conducting the study. Alternate explanations of results are proposed and practical implications described.

Rainfall Effects Following Herbicidal Treatment of Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
H. D. Coble ◽  
J. A. Keaton
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Derivatives Of

In North Carolina, the shoots of naturally-established, field grown, foliated specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were treated in August with aqueous dilutions of three herbicidal products at three rates each. Simulated rainfall was applied at ½ or 1 inch at 5, 15, 60, or 120 min after herbicidal application. Responses measured 10 and 13 months after herbicidal application were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. Neither the ester nor amine derivatives of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were reduced as to their action on woody plants by the simulated rainfall applied. The action on woody plants of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) plus 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was markedly reduced by the application of all of the simulated rain treatments at any of the intervals at which they were applied following herbicidal treatment.

Effects of 2,4,5-T During the Approach of Woody Plant Dormancy

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton ◽  
H. D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
Application Date

The shoots of naturally established specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were treated under conditions of approaching dormancy. Aqueous sprays of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were applied as foliar treatments to the point of run-off at 2-week intervals beginning September 13 and continuing until three applications had been made for turkey oak and five had been made for red maple. Three experiments were conducted for turkey oak and two for red maple. Application rates were 2, 4, 8, and 16 lb of 2,4,5-T aehg of spray solution except that the 16-1b rate was deleted for turkey oak. Ester and amine derivatives were evaluated. Responses measured 9, 12, and 24 months after initiation of the experiments were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. The average estimated control of original shoots of turkey oak and red maple increased from 42 to 54% as the application date was advanced from September 13 to October 11. The average height of the plants treated September 13 considering all evaluation dates was 3.4 ft compared to 2.6 ft for treatment made 4 weeks later. The results suggest two seasonal peaks in the response of some woody plants to foliar treatments of 2,4,5-T and that herbicidal effectiveness can be enhanced by application at the onset of senescence and dormancy.

Growth Analysis of Red Maple and White Ash Seedlings Treated with Eight Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Perry ◽  
R. P. Upchurch
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ammonium Sulfamate ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Hydroponically Grown ◽  
Toxic Responses

Eight technically pure herbicides were evaluated for their relative phytotoxicity to hydroponically grown seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Six of the herbicides (acids) were prepared as the triethylamine salts to provide formulation uniformity. With four compounds, equi-mole dosages per plant produced different toxic responses depending upon whether the herbicide was applied to the shoot or root. The 2,4,5-trichlorinated phenoxyaliphatic acids 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP), and 4(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4,5-TB) were consistently more toxic on a mole basis when applied to the roots of both species than when applied to the shoots. The opposite effect was observed with ammonium sulfamate (AMS) where shoot treatments were always more toxic. Shoot and root treatments were equally effective for the compounds 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), and 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (amitrole). Differential species susceptibilities to certain compounds were observed.

Efficacy of Flupyradifurone, Pyriproxyfen and Horticultural Oil, and Dinotefuran Against Gloomy Scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa Comstock)

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Kevin Chase ◽  
Elden LeBrun ◽  
Chad Rigsby
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Major Pest

Gloomy scale (GS)(Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a major pest of red maple (Acer rubrum) across much of the eastern USA. Current pesticide recommendations for GS management are efficacious when applications are made at the appropriate time. However, appropriate timing may not always be possible. For instance, the tree owner may not contact pest management professionals in time to make timely applications. We established a field trial to determine the efficacy of the pesticides pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil and dinotefuran, as well as a relatively new pesticide available in the ornamental woody plant market, flupyradifurone, against GS. There were three primary goals of this study: (1) to quantitatively compare the effectiveness of pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil and dinotefuran; (2) to compare flupyradifurone with these two generally recommended treatments; and (3) to assess whether flupyradifurone is effective when applications are made later in the summer. We found that pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil, dinotefuran, and flupyradifurone applications made during the active crawler period were equally efficacious, statistically, and that flupyradifurone treatments applied later in the summer were not statistically differentiable from untreated controls. While these pesticide applications are effective at suppressing GS populations, plant health care tactics aimed at preventing outbreaks should be prioritized and incorporated into the complete pest management strategy.

Absorption and translocation of [14C]glyphosate in four woody plant species

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Green ◽  
Patrick J. Minogue ◽  
Charles H. Brewer ◽  
Glenn R. Glover ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Foliar Absorption

Absorption and translocation patterns of radio-labelled glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were examined in four species of woody plants to determine mechanisms of herbicide tolerance in species common to the southeastern United States. Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and yaupon (Ilexvomitoria (L.) Ait.), both tolerant to the herbicide, absorbed significantly less glyphosate than did red maple (Acerrubrum L.) or white oak (Quercusalba L.), indicating the importance of foliar absorption as a barrier to glyphosate entry. Although herbicide absorption was similar between the sensitive white oak and the tolerant red maple, white oak accumulated more glyphosate in the roots than did red maple, indicating that translocation patterns also contribute significantly to glyphosate tolerance in some woody species.

scholarly journals Tree shaping catalogs: formation and nature of garden chair applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
O. O. Smolina
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Design Calculation ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Siberian Region ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Ergonomic Analysis ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: Tree shaping catalog development of practical use: garden chair category; study of the ergonomic aspects of their design, calculation of the time for the formation of tree shaping objects with regard to the plant types. A deeper study of the formation of natural and artistic objects of architectural space, i.e., tree shaping.Design/methodology/approach: Ergonomic analysis, analysis of woody plants compositions in tree shaping, visual-anthropometric analysis, modeling, comparative analysis.Originality/value: 1. Proposed tree shaping catalogs in the category of garden chairs. These catalogs have no analogues in are Russia. 2. The selected woody plants of the West Siberian region, most adapted to humane correction of growth, with the ecological specification in accordance with the following parameters: gas resistance, growth rate, life cycle of a woody plant. 3. Diagrams are suggested for the garden chair dimensions (chair back height, seat width, chair leg height) depending on the woody plant (willow, Tatar maple, bird cherry).Findings: Many identified aspects are can be used in tree shaping: compositional complexity of tree shaping, woody plant type, growth characteristics, and the growing conditions.Practical implications: The obtained results can be used as in a deeper study of new approaches to the formation of open architectural spaces with plant materials.

scholarly journals Production of Anthocyanins in Callus Cultures of Angelica archangelica

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301
Author(s):  
Tomáš Siatka
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Angelica Archangelica ◽  
Callus Proliferation ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Culture Growth ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Production Characteristics

Anthocyanins have been used as food color additives, but they also possess many properties beneficial to health. Plant tissue culture technology is an attractive alternative for obtaining these valuable natural pigments. In this work, dark-grown anthocyanin producing callus cultures of Angelica archangelica were established. They were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.4 mg/L benzylaminopurine. Anthocyanin contents in cultures were around 2%, i.e. one order of magnitude higher than in the intact plant that contains up to 0.17% anthocyanins. Growth and production characteristics of the culture were determined – fresh and dry biomass as well as anthocyanin levels reached a maximum on day 30. Effects of basal nutrient media on callus proliferation and anthocyanin accumulation were tested. Culture growth (fresh weight) achieved 105%, 102%, 141%, 129%, 54%, and 26%, and anthocyanin contents attained 114%, 41%, 33%, 31%, 25%, and 15% on Linsmaier and Skoog, Gamborg B5, Schenk and Hildebrandt, Woody plant, Nitsch and Nitsch, and Heller medium, respectively, in comparison with that of Murashige and Skoog.

Response of Woody Species to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Picloram as a Function of Treatment Method

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Coble ◽  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ether Ester

Naturally-established individual specimens of 12 woody plant species occurring in North Carolina were treated with foliar, dormant stem, and basal applications of the propylene glycol butyl ether ester formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). The triethanolamine salt of 2,4,5-T also was applied as a foliar treatment. Three rates of each herbicide were used. Responses measured were percent control of original shoots, percent regrowth, shoot height, and number of live stems per plant. No differences were observed between the amine and ester formulations of 2,4,5-T applied as foliar sprays except on rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) where the ester produced 86% control compared to 28% for the amine salt. Foliar sprays of picloram were effective in controlling all species except white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana L.), and rhododendron. Control of these species averaged only 45% compared to 96% on all other species studied. No species was effectively controlled by dormant stem or basal applications of picloram. All species considered, the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4,5-T applied as a dormant stem or basal application provided the most consistent results, giving 89% and 91% control, respectively.

Micropropagation of Adult Red Maple and Sugar Maple

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 477e-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Connolly ◽  
John E. Preece ◽  
J.W. Van Sambeek
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Axillary Shoot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Axillary Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Woody Plant Medium ◽  
The Media

Micropropagation studies were conducted to determine the best methods to achieve axillary shoot proliferation for adult Acer rubrum (red maple) and A. saccharium (sugar maple). The first experiment was conducted to compare the effects of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 μM, 1 μM, and 10 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) using Driver-Kuniyuki-Walnut medium (DKW). The second experiment was conducted to examine the effects of DKW, Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Long and Preece (LP) media in factorial combination with 0.01 and 0.1 μM TDZ. The third experiment was conducted to study the transfer timing (14 or 28 days) and the media solidification (agar-solidified or stationary liquid) on sugar maple. Both red maple and sugar maple explants on DKW with 0.1 μM TDZ produced the most and longest axillary shoots; however, sugar maple produced fewer axillary shoots than red maple. Red maple explants produced the most callus on DKW with 10 μM TDZ and the least on DKW with 0.001 μM TDZ. Sugar maple explants produced more shoots when explants were placed horizontally and transferred every 14 days than when placed vertically or transferred less frequently.

The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the formononetin content of Dwalganup subterranean clover

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
DW Barrett ◽  
L Klein
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Pot Culture

Two pot culture experiments were done, the first in an open-sided glasshouse and the second in a controlled environment cabinet. The sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was applied as a spray, at sublethal levels, to young clover plants. Increasing levels of 2,4-D led to a progressive decrease in the formononetin concentration (percentage of dry matter) in the clover leaves. At the highest 2,4-D levels of 112 48 mg/m2 (1 12 mg/m2 = 1 lb/acre), formononetin concentrations fell to one-half to one-third of the untreated control values. In the first experiment plant dry weights and leaf numbers were decreased by almost 50 % at high 2,4-D levels. In the second experiment-of much briefer duration-the rate of leaf production was also strongly decreased. Practical implications of the results are discussed briefly, and it is suggested that 2,4-D influences isoflavone synthesis by some means other than via carbohydrate metabolism.

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