scholarly journals Optimal Spray Application Rates for Ornamental Nursery Liner Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhu ◽  
James Altland ◽  
Richard C. Derksen ◽  
Charles R. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Fluorescent Tracer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Droplet Density ◽  
Spray Applications

Spray deposition and coverage at different application rates for nursery liners of different sizes were investigated to determine the optimal spray application rates. Experiments were conducted on 2- and 3-year-old ‘Autumn Spire’ red maple (Acer rubrum) liners. A traditional hydraulic sprayer with vertical booms between tree rows was used to apply the spray applications. Application rates were 10, 20, 30, and 40 gal/acre for the 2-year-old liners and were 20, 40, 60, and 80 gal/acre for the 3-year-old liners. Nylon screens were used to collect spray deposition of a fluorescent tracer dissolved in water, and water-sensitive papers were used to quantify spray coverage inside canopies. Spray deposition, coverage, and droplet density inside both 2- and 3-year-old liner canopies increased as the application rate increased. The minimum rates to spray 6.6-ft-tall, 2-year-old ‘Autumn Spire’ red maple liners and 8.7-ft-tall, 3-year-old liners were 20 and 40 gal/acre, respectively. An exponential equation was derived from these results to estimate the spray application rate required for different tree liner heights and to minimize excessive chemical use in rapidly growing tree liners.

scholarly journals Influence of Spray Application Technique on Spray Deposition in Greenhouse Ivy Pot Plants Grown on Hanging Shelves

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1921-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Braekman ◽  
Dieter Foqué ◽  
Marie-Christine Van Labeke ◽  
Jan G. Pieters ◽  
David Nuyttens
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Type Size ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Spray Gun ◽  
Pot Plants

As a result of the decreasing availability of authorized plant protection products, adequate pest control becomes more difficult in many ornamental crops and almost no information is available about the optimization of spray application techniques in ornamental crops. Yet, spray boom systems—instead of the still predominantly used spray guns—might improve crop protection management in greenhouses considerably. Application rate, nozzle type, and configuration will influence the spray deposition and, as such, its efficiency. In this study, spray deposition in ivy pot plants [Hedera algeriensis cv. Montgomery, Hibb.], grown on hanging shelves in greenhouses, was compared with a traditional spray gun with a disc-core nozzle and a manually pulled trolley equipped with two vertical spray booms. The sprayings with the spray gun were performed at an application rate of 8500 L·ha−1. For the vertical spray boom system, two different reduced application rates (2500 and 5000 L·ha−1) with five different combinations of nozzle type, size, and pressure for each application rate were investigated. This research underlined that, besides the application rate, also the spray application equipment used has an important effect on the spray depositions. Nozzle type, size, and pressure on the vertical spray boom system only had a minor effect on the spray deposition. Although the spray gun performed well on the easily accessible crop zone with the runners, its performance in the more dense main crop zone was inferior. With 240% more sprayed liquid (8500 L·ha−1) and chemicals, the realized depositions in this crop zone were not significantly different from the ones obtained with the vertical spray boom system applying only 2500 L·ha−1. Spraying at 5000 L·ha−1, the vertical spray boom system achieved a 82.9% higher overall spray deposition in the main crop canopy zone compared with the spray gun at an application rate of 8500 L·ha−1. For the sprays applied with the vertical spray boom system, doubling the application rate resulted in equally higher spray depositions, except for the inner canopy deposition for which higher application rates were more effective.

scholarly journals Influence of Spray Volume on Spray Deposition and Coverage within Nursery Trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhu ◽  
R.H. Zondag ◽  
R.C. Derksen ◽  
M. Reding ◽  
C.R. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Volume Method

Abstract Information on better utilizing airblast sprayers to achieve high pesticide spray application efficiency in nursery tree production is needed. Foliar spray deposition and coverage at different heights inside crabapple tree canopies were investigated for a conventional airblast sprayer operating at four different application rates ranging from 230 to 900 liters/ha [24 to 94 gallons per acre (GPA)]. Deposition on the ground at various distances from the sprayer was also measured at the 700 liters/ha (73 GPA) application rate. Foliar deposition and coverage on targets below 2.6 m (8.5 ft) inside tree canopies increased as the application rate increased, but the increase in the coverage was much lower than the deposition. For trees taller than 2.6 m (8.5 ft), the sprayer could not deliver uniform spray deposition and coverage across the tree height. The portion of trees below 2.1 m (6.9 ft) was well covered by the spray deposits with 230 liters/ha (24 GPA) application rate while higher application rates resulted in over spray application. Less than 30% of total spray volume was deposited on target trees while over 34% of the total spray volume was lost on the ground. The tree-row volume method should include foliage density and tree-row gaps to avoid excessive estimation of spray application rates for nursery tree crops.

scholarly journals ELEVATED MICROSPRINKLER BENEFITS CITRUS TREES IN A SEVERE ADVECTIVE FREEZE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1137a-1137
Author(s):  
Larry R. Parsons ◽  
T. Adair Wheaton
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Freeze Protection ◽  
Overhead Sprinkler ◽  
Citrus Trees

Undertree microsprinkler irrigation has protected 1 or 2 year old trees to a height of 1 meter during severe advective freezes. During the severe December 1989 freeze, microsprinklers elevated to 0.9 meter protected 5 year old citrus trees to a height of 2 meters. Limb breakage due to ice loading was negligible. Protection was achieved with water application rates less than half that required by some overhead sprinkler models. Survival is attributed to 1) continuous spray from the microsprinkler rather than periodic spray from a rotating overhead sprinkler, and 2) effective localized application rate on branches intercepting spray is more than average overall spray application rate. Elevated microsprinklers provide freeze protection to a greater height and allow for more rapid post-freeze recovery.

scholarly journals Systems and rates of aerial application of fungicides in irrigated rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
Tânia Bayer ◽  
Milton F. Cabezas-Guerrero ◽  
Casimiro D. Gadanha Junior ◽  
Alci E. Loeck
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Droplet Density ◽  
Leaf Canopy

ABSTRACT The present research studied the performance of flat-fan and hollow-cone nozzles, with application rates of 20 and 30 L ha-1, and rotary disc atomizer with application rates of 10 and 15 L ha-1. The test was conducted with a fungicide spray tank composed of Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole, in which the density and penetration of droplets into the canopy were evaluated using a water-sensitive paper and the distribution of the active ingredients in the plant was evaluated through the chromatographic analysis. Higher application rates resulted in higher droplet density in the upper stratum of plants. In all treatments, the penetration of the droplets was 26% into the middle stratum and 23% into the lower stratum, in relation to the top of the crop, resulting in an average 25% penetration of droplets into the leaf canopy. The active ingredients were distributed in greater quantity in the upper stratum of the plant. For the same weight, the upper part of the ‘Puitá Inta CL’ rice cultivar has a leaf area 6.4 times larger than the lower part. It was concluded that higher application rate leads to higher droplet density in the upper stratum of the leaf canopy and that all systems and application rates promoted similar penetration of droplets into the canopy.

scholarly journals Effect of Application Variables on Spray Deposition, Coverage, and Ground Losses in Nursery Tree Applications

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Richard C. Derksen ◽  
Charles R. Krause ◽  
Robert D. Fox ◽  
Ross D. Brazee ◽  
Randy Zondag
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Axial Fan ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Fan Speed ◽  
Application Volume

Abstract An experimental cross-flow (CF) fan sprayer and a conventional, axial-fan (AF), orchard sprayer were used to treat multiple rows consisting of four year old, multi-stem, red maple trees, Acer rubrum L. and Turkish filbert trees, Corylus colurna L. The effects of sprayer type, fan orientation, application volume, and ground speed on canopy and ground spray deposits and canopy spray coverage across multiple target rows were evaluated. Variations in deposits and coverage across the canopies were generally smaller for the CF sprayer than the AF sprayer. The AF sprayer produced the highest overall deposits in the first row nearest the sprayer. Reducing fan speed kept more material in the tree row adjacent to the sprayer while decreasing spray volume did not affect the spray deposits in that row. Tower sprayer fan orientation did not affect canopy deposits but could be used to minimize spray drift. These results indicate that the most uniform spray distribution in a tree canopy is obtained by treating the canopy from each side. These findings also suggest growers should experiment with different spray volume and speed settings that can provide efficacious applications more efficiently.

scholarly journals TECNOLOGIA DE APLICAÇÃO DE INSETICIDAS NO CONTROLE DA LAGARTA-DO-CARTUCHO NA CULTURA DO MILHO

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL MARCÃO TAVARES ◽  
JOÃO EDUARDO RIBEIRO DA SILVA ◽  
GUILHERME SOUSA ALVES ◽  
THALES CASSEMIRO ALVES ◽  
SÉRGIO MACEDO SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy

RESUMO – A lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) é uma praga-chave na cultura do milho, e aplicações de inseticidas têm sido necessárias para reduzir a população do inseto. O controle desta praga tem sido difícil porque a lagarta encontra-se comumente protegida no interior do cartucho, o que pode reduzir a deposição e eficácia do inseticida. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de taxas de aplicação, pontas de pulverização e inseticidas no controle de S. frugiperda no milho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram duas taxas de aplicação (100 e 200 L ha-1), duas pontas de pulverização (jato plano com e sem com indução de ar) e dois inseticidas (triflumuron e fenpropatrina). Também se utilizou um tratamento controle correspondente à aplicação de clorpirifós utilizando a ponta jato plano simples na taxa de 200 L ha-1. As características avaliadas foram espectro de gotas, deposição de calda, eficácia biológica e produtividade da cultura. A taxa de aplicação de 100 L ha-1 produziu maior deposição de calda do que a 200 L ha-1 para ambas as pontas de pulverização e não reduziu a eficácia dos inseticidas. Ambos os inseticidas tiveram eficácias semelhantes no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho aos 10 dias após a aplicação (DAA), embora a eficácia do inseticida fenpropatrina tenha sido maior do que a do triflumuron aos 3 DAA.Palavras-chave: lagarta-do-cartucho, Zea mays, ponta de pulverização, taxa de aplicação, manejo de pragas.INSECTICIDE APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY ON FALL ARMYWORM CONTROL IN CORNABSTRACT - The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a key pest in corn, and insecticide applications have been needed to reduce the insect population. The fall armyworm has been difficult to control because its larvae is commonly protected in the whorl of corn, which may reduce insecticide deposition and its efficacy. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of application rate, nozzle type and insecticide on control of S. frugiperda in corn. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design and a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme with four replications. The factors were two application rates (100 e 200 L ha-1), two hydraulic nozzles (standard and air induction flat-fan) and two insecticides (triflumuron and fenpropathrin). An additional treatment was also included, composed of chlorpyrifos sprayed at 200 L ha-1 using a standard flat-fan nozzle. Parameters of interest were droplet spectrum, spray deposition, biological efficacy and crop yield. A 100 L ha-1 application rate produced greater spray deposition than at 200 L ha-1 for both nozzle types and did not reduce the insecticide efficacy. At 10 days after application (DAA) both insecticides provided similar efficacy on fall armyworm control, although it was greater using fenpropathrin than triflumuron at 3 DAA.Keywords: fall armyworm, Zea mays, spray nozzle, spray volume, pest management.

Effects of 2,4,5-T During the Approach of Woody Plant Dormancy

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton ◽  
H. D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
Application Date

The shoots of naturally established specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were treated under conditions of approaching dormancy. Aqueous sprays of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were applied as foliar treatments to the point of run-off at 2-week intervals beginning September 13 and continuing until three applications had been made for turkey oak and five had been made for red maple. Three experiments were conducted for turkey oak and two for red maple. Application rates were 2, 4, 8, and 16 lb of 2,4,5-T aehg of spray solution except that the 16-1b rate was deleted for turkey oak. Ester and amine derivatives were evaluated. Responses measured 9, 12, and 24 months after initiation of the experiments were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. The average estimated control of original shoots of turkey oak and red maple increased from 42 to 54% as the application date was advanced from September 13 to October 11. The average height of the plants treated September 13 considering all evaluation dates was 3.4 ft compared to 2.6 ft for treatment made 4 weeks later. The results suggest two seasonal peaks in the response of some woody plants to foliar treatments of 2,4,5-T and that herbicidal effectiveness can be enhanced by application at the onset of senescence and dormancy.

scholarly journals Control of Dalbulus maidis in maize crop with electrostatic spraying

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Santos Marques ◽  
João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da Cunha ◽  
Guilherme Sousa Alves ◽  
Thales Cassemiro Alves ◽  
Sérgio Macedo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Electrostatic Spraying ◽  
Brilliant Blue Fcf ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Application Rates

Among the pests that attack the maize, the maize leafhopper, which causes direct damages by sap-sucking and indirect ones, stands out as being a vector of pathogens and viruses, and can cause losses of up to 100% of the production. An alternative to improve the chemical control of this pest is the use of electrostatic spraying technology. However, there is no research support. This study aimed to evaluate the deposition of spray in the maize crop and the effectiveness in the chemical control of the maize leafhopper, using the electrostatic spraying system, at different application rates, compared to the conventional spraying system. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments, in a 2x2 + 2 factorial scheme: presence or absence of electrostatic spraying system, two application rates (35 and 50 L ha-1), an additional treatment using a hydraulic spray nozzle and a rate of 100 L ha-1, and other additional treatment without the application of insecticide, in order to support the study of pest infestation. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates, in which the spray deposition in the maize canopy and the efficiency in the control were evaluated. For the insecticide applications, a boom sprayer with induction electrostatic spraying system was used with indirect electrification. To evaluate the deposition, the Brilliant Blue FCF marker was added to the spray to be detected by absorbance in spectrophotometry. For the biological efficacy of the maize leafhopper, the insecticide composed of thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin was used compared with the control without the application. There was a significant increase in the spray deposition, both in the upper and lower maize leaves, with the use of electrostatic spray technology compared to the conventional spray system. The control of the maize leafhopper was also superior. The electrostatic spraying also made it possible to reduce the application rate by approximately three times in relation to that used in conventional hydraulic spraying.

scholarly journals Canopy volume and application rate interaction on spray deposition for different phenological stages of coffee crop

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Thales Cassemiro Alves ◽  
João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues Cunha ◽  
Guilherme Sousa Alves ◽  
Sérgio Macedo Silva ◽  
Ernane Miranda Lemes
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Canopy Volume

Coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) present dense foliage that obstruct the entering of pesticides inside the plant canopy uniformly. Adjust the application rate concerning the plant canopy volume can be a way to make the pesticide applications more efficient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the deposition of spray solution on coffee leaves with different volumes of plant canopy and different application rates; additionally, to determine the specific volume indexes for different coffee phenological stages. The studies of coffee leaf deposition were performed on commercial fields of C. arabica - Topázio MG 1190 and Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 cultivars, in different months. Three volumes of vegetation ranging from 8.572 to 16.200 m3 ha-1 - obtained from the calculation of tree-row volume (TRV) performed in 20 plants - and five application rates (200, 300, 400, 600 and 800 L ha-1) and in each phenological stage (maturation, post-harvest, grain filling) were evaluated in a randomized block design with five replications. A bright blue marker was added to the spray solution to be detected by spectrophotometry in order to study the spray deposition and losses to the soil. After the treatment applications, ten coffee leaves corresponding to the 1st pair of leaf from an orthotropic branch of each third of the coffee plant (upper, middle, lower) were randomly collected. Petri dishes were used to evaluate the losses to the soil. The TRV and leaf density should be considered together in the definition of the application rate for coffee protection. It is also possible to reduce the application rate to values close to 200 L ha-1. The volume indexes for each coffee phenological stage were defined for proper canopy wetting and low losses to the soil.

scholarly journals PONTAS TIPO CONE COM VARIAÇÃO DA TAXA DE APLICAÇÃO E VELOCIDADE NA CULTURA DO ALGODOEIRO

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Thiago Martins Machado ◽  
Monyse Fin Barbosa ◽  
Adelina Vitória Servelhere de Rezende ◽  
Ronan Sauer Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Application Volume ◽  
Droplet Density

A Ramulária é uma das principais doenças fungicas do algodoeiro, trazendo consequências graves para sua produtividade e qualidade de fibras. Com o intuito de abater os gastos e melhorar os parâmetros da aplicação, o trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar diferentes tipos de pontas de jato cônico e pingente, variando a taxa de aplicação e velocidade na pulverização do algodoeiro. Foram utilizadas pontas de jato cone vazio e cheio de diferentes fabricantes e também pingente associado a ponta cone vazio. As velocidades de deslocamento do pulverizador avaliadas foram 20 e 27 km h-1. As taxas de aplicações foram de 50 e 80 L ha-1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: DMV, amplitude relativa (dispersão), volume, densidade e cobertura. O DMV foi satisfatório para todos os tratamentos. A ponta P2 obteve resultados inferiores nos parâmetros densidade de gotas, DMV e dispersão. Na velocidade de 27 km h-1 os parâmetros volume de aplicação, densidade e cobertura obtiveram melhores resultados em comparação com a velocidade de 20 km h-1. A taxa de aplicação mais elevada melhorou os parâmetros de qualidade de aplicação na densidade de gotas, cobertura e volume. O acessório pingente não obteve resultado significativo para densidade, dispersão, volume e cobertura na cultura do algodoeiro.Palavras-chave: algodão, qualidade de gotas, tecnologia de aplicação. CONE TYPE NOZZLES WITH VARIATION OF SPRAY RATE AND SPEED IN COTTON CULTURE ABSTRACT:Ramularia is one of the main fungal diseases of cotton, with serious consequences for its productivity and fiber quality. In order to reduce costs and improve the parameters of the application, the objective of this work is to test different types of conical and pendant jet tips, varying the rate of application and speed of cotton spraying. We used empty cone tips filled with different manufacturers and also pendant associated with empty cone tip The velocities evaluated were 20 and 27 km h-1. The application rates were 50 and 80 L ha-1. The parameters evaluated were: DMV, relative amplitude (dispersion), volume, density and coverage. DMV was satisfactory for all treatments. The full cone jet tip obtained lower results in the parameters of droplet density, DMV and dispersion. At the top speed the parameters application volume, density and coverage obtained better results compared to the lowest speed. The higher application rate improved the application quality parameters in droplet density, coverage and volume. The pendant accessory did not obtain significant results for density, dispersion, volume and coverage in the cotton crop.Keywords: cotton, drops quality, application technology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document