Differential Absorption and Distribution as a Basis for the Selectivity of Bifenox

The uptake and distribution of14C-bifenox [methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate] was different among corn(Zea maysL.), soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) and velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) following preemergence application to a greenhouse soil mix. Autoradiographs of seedlings harvested 14 days after treatment, showed the14C to be in (or on) those areas of the crop plant in contact with the treated soil. Velvetleaf translocated14C residue throughout the shoot. Absorption of14C-compound(s) from treated nutrient solution accumulated in the roots of the three species but to a greater extent in soybean. There was no difference in the concentration of14C in the shoots. However, in corn and soybean the14C-compound(s) was confined to the primary and secondary leaf veins while velvetleaf showed a general distribution throughout the leaf tissue. Velvetleaf absorbed and translocated bifenox from shoot zones to a greater extent than the crop plants. Some acropetal movement was noted following leaf application to corn and velvetleaf but movement was only 3% of applied14C from the treated leaf. No movement was detected in soybean.

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Control of the recentlyintroduced weed butterprint (Abutilon theophrasti) in maize

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5426 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 64-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T.K. James ◽

J.M. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Field Trial ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

High Tolerance ◽

Final Population ◽

Pot Trials ◽

Postemergence Herbicides ◽

Very High

Butterprint (velvetleaf in many countries) is one of the worst broadleaf weeds in maize (Zea mays) and soya bean (Glycine max) crops in USA It has been accidently introduced into New Zealand on several occasions Recently it has been found in three maize fields in Waikato and has become well established at one 20 ha site Twelve different postemergence herbicides were evaluated for control of butterprint in glasshouse pot trials and in a field trial In the glasshouse bromoxynil dicamba mesotrione aminopyralid and topramezone all gave 100 control In the field trial dicamba showed the most activity but overall efficacy was less than in the glasshouse Dicamba controlled most of the plants that were present at spraying but germination over the next month resulted in a final population of 88 of the original This population of butterprint also shows a very high tolerance to atrazine when treated postemergence

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Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of AC 263,222 in Selected Soybean (Glycine Max) Cultivars

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500081601 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 536-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Larry J. Newsom ◽

David R. Shaw ◽

Thomas F. Hubbard

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Differential Response ◽

Differential Absorption ◽

Soybean Cultivars ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Ac 263,222 ◽

Phloem Mobility

The goal of this research was to determine if differing levels of tolerance to AC 263,222 exist in soybean.14C-AC 263,222 was foliar-applied to ‘Coker 6955,’ ‘Hartz 6686,’ ‘Hutcheson,’ ‘9581 Pioneer,’ ‘9681 Pioneer,’ and ‘RA 606’ soybean cultivars. Differential absorption of14C-AC 263,222 was evident among cultivars 48 and 96 h after application. Movement out of the treated leaf was both acropetal and basipetal, indicating xylem and phloem mobility. Although absorption and translocation differences occurred among cultivars, these differences do not explain the differential response of soybean cultivars to AC 263,222. Metabolism of14C-AC 263,222 differed greatly among cultivars and increased with time. Ninety-six h after application, 9581 Pioneer metabolized 66% of the absorbed14C-AC 263,222, compared to RA 606, which metabolized only 41%. The large differences in metabolism that occurred 48 and 96 h after application suggest that metabolism is responsible for the differential response of soybean cultivars to AC 263,222.

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Multichemical Granules Formulated with Gum Xanthan, Loess, and Tung Oil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059063 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 315-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jim E. Dale

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Oryza Sativa ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Red Rice ◽

Tung Oil ◽

Selective Control ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Granular Matrix

Multiherbicide granules were formulated containing 1.3% fluazifop {(±)-butyl 2-[4-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoate} (w/w) in polymerized tung oil overlaid on a granular matrix of gum xanthan-loess containing 2.7% linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide). Under greenhouse conditions the granules were as effective in selective control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH), hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory ♯ SEBEX], corn (Zea maysL. ♯ ZEAMX), and red rice (Oryza sativaL. ♯ ORYSA) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] as when the herbicides were sprayed separately. When applied preemergence at 0.56 to 0.14 kg ai/ha, tung oil-encapsulated fluazifop on loess granules killed 100% of stolon bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ♯ CYNDA] and was as effective as sprayed fluazifop.

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Inhibition of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Germination and Growth by Benzyl Isothiocyanate, a Natural Toxicant

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450005966x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 612-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Rebecca B. Wolf ◽

Gayland F. Spencer ◽

William F. Kwolek

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Complete Inhibition ◽

Benzyl Isothiocyanate ◽

Natural Inhibitor ◽

Germination And Growth

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was extracted from mature papaya (Carica papayaL.) seeds and applied to imbibed velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH) seeds. Complete inhibition of germination occurred at a concentration of 6 × 10-4M BITC, and only 28% (compared to controls) of the seeds germinated after 4 days exposure to the 4 × 10-4M treatment. Corn (Zea maysL. ‘DeKalb XL-66′) was unaffected even at higher concentrations; however, 72% of imbibed soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Tiger’] germinated in 6 × 10-4M BITC. When this natural inhibitor was applied to etiolated velvetleaf seedlings at 4 × 10-4M, 100% died in 2 days.

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Uptake and Translocation of Alachlor in Soybean and Wheat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500037012 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 253-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ames M. Chandler ◽

Eddie Basler ◽

P. W. Santelmann

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Root Uptake ◽

Root Tissue ◽

Treated Leaf

Translocation of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) was primarily apoplastic with greater uptake and translocation in wheat (susceptible) than in soybean (resistant). Root-applied14C-alachlor translocated throughout both plants. Root uptake was greater for wheat than for soybean and older leaves accumulated more than did younger actively growing tissue in both species. Foliar applications to the primary leaves of soybean and wheat resulted in some apoplastic translocation within the treated leaf of wheat but only slight translocation in soybean. Absorption of14C-alachlor reached equilibrium at 4 hr by excised wheat root tissue, while absorption continued after 32 hr in excised coleoptile and leaf tissue. Absorption of alachlor by leaf and coleoptile tissue was greater in light than in the dark.

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Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Foliage-Applied Chloramben in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500079297 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 757-762 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chaudhry A. Ozair ◽

Loren J. Moshier ◽

Georgina M. Werner

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Sodium Salt ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Quantitative Assay ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extracts

A quantitative assay using14C-chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) revealed that velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) leaves absorbed a greater amount of chloramben formulated as an acid than as a sodium salt. A surfactant increased14C-chloramben absorption 5 days, but not 1 day, after application. Translocation of14C-label out of treated leaves was greater in velvetleaf than in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Differences in the amount of14C-label as unmetabolized chloramben in ethyl acetate extracts of treated leaves were not detected between velvetleaf and soybean. The amount of unmetabolized chloramben was greater in the shoot above the treated leaf in velvetleaf (58% of total label recovered) than in soybean (35% of recovered label). The amount of recovered14C-label in unextractable form was greater in treated leaves of soybean compared to velvetleaf.

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Evaluation ofFusarium lateritiumas a Biological Herbicide for Controlling Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500026552 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 106-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

C. Douglas Boyette ◽

H. Lynn Walker

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Field Tests ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Kaolin Clay ◽

Fusarium Lateritium ◽

Granule Formulation ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida

In greenhouse studies,Fusarium lateritiumNees ex Fr. was effective in suppressing the growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL. # SIDSP). Sprays containing conidia of the fungus and fungus-infested sodium alginate-kaolin clay granules controlled both weeds in corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] without causing a reduction in dry weight of the crops. In field tests, postemergence foliar applications of the fungus controlled velvetleaf and prickly sida 40 and 80%, respectively, in 1982, but controlled only 27 and 34% of velvetleaf and prickly sida, respectively, in 1983. Preemergence applications of the fungus in the granule formulation controlled velvetleaf and prickly sida 46 and 59%, respectively, in 1982. In 1983, this treatment controlled the weeds 35 and 38%, respectively.

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Ultrastructure of Plant Leaf Tissue Infected with Mite-Borne Viral-Like Pathogens

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100067881 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 178-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. E. Bradfute ◽

R. E. Whitmoyer ◽

L. R. Nault

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Microscope Study ◽

Electron Microscope Study ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Leaf Ultrastructure ◽

Double Membrane ◽

Aceria Tulipae

A pathogen transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Aceria tulipae, infects a number of Gramineae producing symptoms similar to wheat spot mosaic virus (1). An electron microscope study of leaf ultrastructure from systemically infected Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum showed the presence of ovoid, double membrane bodies (0.1 - 0.2 microns) in the cytoplasm of parenchyma, phloem and epidermis cells (Fig. 1 ).

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