Vapor Pressures of Low-Volatile Esters of 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Flint ◽  
J. J. Alexander ◽  
O. P. Funderburk
Keyword(s):  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Ether Linkage ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Hydrocarbon Alcohols ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Volatile Esters ◽  
Chain Hydrocarbon

The vapor pressures of the four most common commercial low-volatile esters and a reference high-volatile ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The order of increasing volatility and the vapor pressure of these esters in mm of Hg at 187 C are as follows: isooctyl—2.7; 2-ethylhexyl—3.0; butoxy ethanol—3.9; propylene glycol butyl ether—3.9; and the reference, isopropyl—16.7. Extrapolations to 25 C support this ranking at working temperatures. Commercial esters of 2,4-D derived from long-chain hydrocarbon alcohols are in the same volatility range as the commercial esters containing an ether linkage.

Response of Woody Species to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Picloram as a Function of Treatment Method

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Coble ◽  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ether Ester

Naturally-established individual specimens of 12 woody plant species occurring in North Carolina were treated with foliar, dormant stem, and basal applications of the propylene glycol butyl ether ester formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). The triethanolamine salt of 2,4,5-T also was applied as a foliar treatment. Three rates of each herbicide were used. Responses measured were percent control of original shoots, percent regrowth, shoot height, and number of live stems per plant. No differences were observed between the amine and ester formulations of 2,4,5-T applied as foliar sprays except on rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) where the ester produced 86% control compared to 28% for the amine salt. Foliar sprays of picloram were effective in controlling all species except white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana L.), and rhododendron. Control of these species averaged only 45% compared to 96% on all other species studied. No species was effectively controlled by dormant stem or basal applications of picloram. All species considered, the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4,5-T applied as a dormant stem or basal application provided the most consistent results, giving 89% and 91% control, respectively.

Control of Green Rabbitbrush and Big Sagebrush with 2,4-D and Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Tueller ◽  
Raymond A. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum ◽  
Big Sagebrush ◽  
The Third ◽  
Brush Control ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A mixed stand of green rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. var. puberulus Jepson) and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) was sprayed at different dates for 3 years with potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) at ¼, ½, and 1 1b/A, propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 1, 2, and 3 1b/A, and a mixture of triisopropanolamine salts of picloram plus 2,4-D at ¼ plus 1 and ½ plus 2 1b/A. Picloram at ½ and 1 1b/A controlled rabbitbrush but not sagebrush. Poor rabbitbrush control and fair to good sagebrush control resulted from 2,4-D. The mixture of picloram and 2,4-D controlled rabbitbrush well but only partially controlled sagebrush. Forage release from brush control was negligible the first 2 years after spraying. During the third and subsequent years, production of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.) was greatly increased.

Meiotic and Morphological Response of Grain Sorghum to Atrazine, 2,4-D, Oil, and their Combinations

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. L. Liang ◽  
K. C. Feltner ◽  
O. G. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Basic Number ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Ether Ester ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) was sprayed in 1966 and 1967 with 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine), propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), alkanolamine salts of 2,4-D, and nonphytotoxic petroleum oil (crop oil) or their combinations when plant heights were 2 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 inches for grass weeds, broadleaf weeds, and sorghum, respectively. Pollen mother cells from all herbicide-treated sorghum revealed chromosomal aberrations, mostly aneuploidy and polyploidy, and aberration frequencies increased when herbicides were combined. Added chromosomes were not always of the basic number. Atrazine-treated plots produced highest grain yields, kernel numbers were reflected in grain yield (r = .96), and untreated plants flowered first.

Herbicidal Treatment Effect on Carbohydrate Levels of Alligatorweed

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
L. W. Weldon ◽  
R. D. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Tidal Area ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

We applied propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (silvex) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to floating alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.) and determined the level of carbohydrates in the underwater stems. The chemicals were applied at 4 and 8 lb/A on five application dates during a growing season at two sites. One month after initial application, the readily acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrates had been depleted by an average of 23.8% in a tidal area and 14.5% in a non-flowering area. Throughout the growing season, levels of carbohydrates were higher in a non-flowing area. The alligatorweed in the tidal area was more susceptible to herbicides. Regrowth from underwater nodes resulted in replenishment of the carbohydrates during the second month following treatment with 2,4-D. Carbohydrate levels remained low for 2 months following treatment with silvex, which resulted in more effective control of alligatorweed. Silvex at 8 lb/A, with retreatment after 2 months, provided the most effective control of floating alligatorweed.

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Callus Derived from Marubakaido Apple Rootstock under Different Aluminium Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460e-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa F. de Oliveira ◽  
Gerson R. de L. Fortes ◽  
João B. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

The aim of this work was to evaluate the organogenesis of Marubakaido apple rootstock under different aluminium concentratons. The explants were calli derived from apple internodes treated with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pichloram at 0.5 and 1.0 μM and under five different aluminium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L). These calli were then treated with aluminium at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. It was observed shoot regeneration only for those calli previously treated with pichloram. There were no significant difference among the aluminium concentrations.

Characterization of the Reproductive Mode in Guayule In Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 483a-483
Author(s):  
Roy N. Keys ◽  
Dennis T. Ray ◽  
David A. Dierig
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Reproductive Modes ◽  
Desert Southwest ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is a latex-producing perennial desert shrub that is potentially of economic importance as an industrial crop for the desert Southwest. It is known to possess complex reproductive modes. Diploids are predominantly sexual and self-incompatible, while polyploids show a range of apomictic potential and self-compatibility. This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid and simple technique for characterizing reproductive modes of breeding lines of P. argentatum. Initial field experiments were based on an auxin test used successfully to characterize reproductive mode in the Poaceae. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited embryo formation in P. argentatum, but this was not the case with other auxins tested. Results of field experiments were ambiguous because: 1) the floral structure of P. argentatum is such that auxins might not have penetrated to the ovules, and 2) there was potential self-fertilization by pollen released within isolation bags. Therefore, in vitro culture of flower heads was tested because it provided much better control of environmental conditions, growth regulator application, and pollen release. Auxin alone, or in combination with gibberellic acid or kinetin, inhibited parthenogenesis in vitro. Embryo production did not vary using two substantially different nutrient media. In vitro flower head culture using a (Nitsch and Nitsch) liquid nutrient medium without growth regulators, enabled characterization of the reproductive mode of seven breeding lines, ranging from predominantly sexual to predominantly apomictic. The results of this technique were substantiated using RAPD analyzes of progeny arrays from controlled crosses.

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