Relative Volatilities of Ester and Amine Forms of 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Amine Salts

The relative volatilities of various technical and formulated ester and amine salts of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were determined in a closed air-flow system consisting of a volatilization chamber and an ethylene glycol trap. The system was operated at a flow rate of 28.8 L/hr and a temperature of 30 C. Trapped herbicide vapor was analyzed by gas chromatography. The relative volatilities of technical gradeiso-propyl, butyl, propylene glycol butyl ether, andiso-octyl esters, were 56, 25 to 38, 4, and 1, respectively. The relative volatilities of various formulated esters and amines were of the magnitude of 440:33:1 for the high volatile, low volatile, and amine salts, respectively.

Control of Spring Parsley on Rangeland

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-625
Author(s):  
M. C. Williams ◽  
L. B. Kreps ◽  
E. H. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Several herbicides were evaluated for control of spring parsley [Cymopterus watsonii(Coult. & Rose) Jones]. The propylene glycol butyl ether esters and dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) applied at 2 lb/A were 99% effective. Ninety-nine percent control was achieved also with 0.5 lb/A of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2,4-D amine + picloram at 0.4 + 0.1 lb/A, 2,4-D amine + picloram at 0.33 + 0.17 lb/A, and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) + picloram at 0.25 + 0.25 lb/A.

Biology and Control of Tall Ironweed (Vernonia altissima)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Mann ◽  
Steven W. Rosser ◽  
William W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ether Ester ◽  
Plant Germination

Tall ironweed (Vernonia altissimaNutt.) is a perennial with underground, axillary vegetative buds from which new shoots are produced. In a 2-yr study, tall ironweed plants averaged 6115 seeds/plant. Germination of buried seeds increased with increased time of burial. Foliar herbicide applications were evaluated for control of tall ironweed plants in the pre- to early-bud stages of growth. The triethylamine salt or ethylene glycol butyl ether ester of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} was the most effective, providing 93 to 90% control of top growth and regrowth of tall ironweed. The butoxyethanol and propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] alone and in combination with the amine salt of triclopyr also provided excellent control.

Effectiveness and Distribution of 2,4,5-T, Triclopyr, Picloram, and 3,6-Dichloropicolinic Acid in Honey Mesquite (Prosopis julifloravar.glandulosa)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
M. S. Mayeux
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Upward Transport ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Greenhouse-grown honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell] plants were treated with the propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], the triethylamine salt or the ethylene glycol butyl ether esters of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) oxy]acetic acicd}, the potassium salt of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), or the monoethanol amine salt of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid applied at the rate of 1.1 kg/ha to soil, foliage, or soil plus foliage. All herbicides were effective as foliar sprays in killing the stems of honey mesquite. When applied to the soil, picloram and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid killed all above ground stems, and the ester and amine formulation of triclopyr killed 70 and 91% of the stem tissue, respectively, but 2,4,5-T was ineffective. Accumulation of herbicides in leaves 10 days after foliar spray was 28, 167, and 266 μg/g fresh wt for triclopyr, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and picloram, respectively. Upward transport of picloram and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid (2.7 to 5.9 μg/g) was also more extensive than that of 2,4,5-T or triclopyr after soil treatment. Higher concentrations of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid than 2,4,5-T, triclopyr, or picloram usually was found in honey mesquite stems and roots 3, 10, or 30 days after application to soil or foliage. This may be one reason that 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid is highly effective in controlling honey mesquite.

A Method for Determining the Volatility of Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Time Flow ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of time, flow rate, and temperature on the volatilization of technical grade n-butyl ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in a closed air-flow system was evaluated. The amount of ester volatilized was linear with time, at constant temperature and air flow. Volatility increased approximately 8-fold when the temperature was increased from 30 C to 50 C. At 30 C, volatility increased with each doubling of air flow rate from 0.86 nmole/cm2 per hr at 14 L/hr to 1.62 nmole/cm2 per hr at 57.6 L/hr. The effects of temperature, flow rate, and the relationship between vapor pressure and rate of volatilization were also analyzed. The system provided a simple and quantitative method for determining the relative volatilities of both technical and formulated herbicides.

Penetration of Amine Salt Formulations of 2,4-D into Sunflower

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Que Hee ◽  
R. G. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Amine Salt ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Amine Salts

Sprayed aqueous emulsions of long chain amine salts of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) penetrated faster into sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Peredovik’) leaves than did sprayed dimethylamine salt aqueous emulsions at 21 C and 5% relative humidity (RH). The initial absorption (65 to 70% in 13 hr) was independent of light, but the following much slower absorption was strongly light dependent. The long-chain amine salts sprayed in diesel oil as carrier were 90% absorbed in 4 hr. It was concluded that long chain amine salts should be sprayed in this carrier to facilitate penetration into leaves and to reduce possible environmental contamination.

Chemical Control of Western False Hellebore

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Coburn Williams ◽  
L. B. Kreps
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Optimum Control ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Bud Initiation

Several herbicides were evaluated for control of western false hellebore (Veratrum californicumDurand). The dimethylamine salt and propylene glycol butyl ether esters of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), potassium salt of 2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid (mecoprop), and the butoxy ethanol ester of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (silvex) controlled 95 to 99% of the plants when applied at 2 lb/A followed by 2 lb/A of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D the second year. Optimum control was achieved when plants were treated after the last leaf had expanded and before flower bud initiation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Cuminaldehyde Contents from Cell Suspension Cultures and Seeds of [Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch.]

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara KHOSRAVINIA ◽  
Seyed Mahdi ZIARATNIA ◽  
Abdolreza BAGHERI ◽  
Ghadir RAJABZADEH ◽  
Seyed Hassan MARASHI
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Bunium Persicum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The cell suspension culture and seed samples of Bunium persicum were extracted by supercritical fluid, hydrodistillation and solvent methods and analyzed by Gas Chromatography. In this study to compare the different methods of extractions, cuminaldehyde was targeted as one of the Black zira essential oil constitute. For callus induction the germinated seeds were cultured as explants on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 0.5 mg/l kinetin (treatment A) as well as 2 mg/l ?-naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyl aminopurine (treatment B) and followed by cells suspension cultures establishment for the first time. The results of cell culture showed that cells from treatment B have a growth rate higher than A. All extracts were dissolved in 1 ml hexane and analyzed by Gas Chromatography. According to the Gas Chromatography analysis, cuminaldehyde was not detected in the supercritical fluid samples, while it was present in hydrodistillation and solvent extract. Cuminaldehyde percentage in cell and seed solvent extracts was 4.65% and 18.61% respectively. Gas Chromatography results also showed that no cuminaldehyde is present in media extracts, means no cuminaldehyde has been secreted into the medium.

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