Adjuvant Effects on Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Haloxyfop-Methyl in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kent Harrison ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Polar Metabolite ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Adjuvant Effects ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Petroleum Oil

The effects of adjuvants and relative humidity (RH) on absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the methyl ester of14C-haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid} in corn (Zea maysL. ‘B73 X Mo17’ hybrid) were evaluated. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) petroleum oil concentrate (POC) to the treatment solution resulted in greater foliar absorption and translocation of14C than addition of 1.0% (v/v) soybean oil concentrate (SBOC), 0.1% (v/v) oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) (OXY), or no adjuvant (NONE). The least amount of14C absorption occurred in the treatment containing OXY. Absorption and translocation of radioactivity were significantly greater at 70% RH than at 30% RH. Thin-layer chromatography revealed that most of the14C recovered from treated plants was in haloxyfop-methyl 5 h after treatment (HAT). The remaining14C recovered was haloxyfop and an unidentified polar metabolite. The average percentage of14C-haloxyfop in the nonabsorbed fraction was 5, 39, 7, and 7% for treatments containing NONE, OXY, POC, and SBOC, respectively. The ratio of haloxyfop-methyl to haloxyfop and the percentage of polar metabolite in the absorbed14C fraction was not different among adjuvant treatments or between levels of RH.

Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Control in Corn (Zea mays) by Postemergence-Directed Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Fawcett ◽  
Robert G. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Glycine Methyl Ester

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. # PANMI) was controlled in corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3747’) with postemergence-directed herbicides applied following a standard preplant-incorporated application of butylate[S-ethylbis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] plus dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide) plus cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile}. Postemergence-directed applications of ametryn [N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], cloproxydim {(E,E)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid}, butyl ester of fluazifop-p {(R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid}, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], methyl ester of haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid}, and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} in 40-cm-tall corn gave greater than 90% control of 5- to 15-cm-tall proso millet while causing little or no corn injury at selected rates. Season-long proso millet control was obtained with sethoxydim at rates as low as 56 g ai/ha with no visible corn injury. Unacceptable injury to 40-cm-tall corn occurred with all but the lowest rate of sethoxydim (56 g ai/ha) when a crop oil concentrate was used. Sethoxydim applied as a directed spray at rates up to 110 g ai/ha plus 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate did not injure 60-cm-tall corn.

The Effect of Adjuvants and Oil Carriers on Photodecomposition of 2,4-D, Bentazon, and Haloxyfop

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kent Harrison ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Photolysis Rates ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
White Mineral

Laboratory photolysis rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} in dilute aqueous solution were enhanced by the presence of adjuvants. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) petroleum oil concentrate (POC), 1.0% (v/v) soybean oil concentrate (SBOC), and 0.15% (v/v) emulsifier package (EP) enhanced herbicide photolysis rates more than addition of 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate). Bioassays showed that phytotoxicity of photolyzed herbicide solutions was negatively correlated with time of exposure to ultraviolet light. Addition of 0.85% (v/v) acetophenone to aqueous herbicide solutions containing 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic strongly sensitized photodegradation of 2,4-D, and to a lesser extent, haloxyfop. Acetophenone had no effect on bentazon photolysis in the presence of oxysorbic. In another study, herbicides were dissolved in white mineral oil or once-refined soybean oil and exposed to ultraviolet light. After a 6-h exposure, there was 92% loss of haloxyfop in mineral oil and 36% loss in soybean oil. There was no difference between oils in affecting the photolysis rate of 2,4-D or bentazon.

Absorption and Translocation of Herbicides with Lipid Compounds

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak ◽  
Greg R. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Lipid Compounds ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Absorption and translocation of14C following14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} butyl ester and14C-sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} application to oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) was greater when the herbicides were applied with oleic acid, linoleic acid, or fatty acid methyl esters compared to various triglycerides. The methyl esters of stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids enhanced14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-fluazifop and14C-sethoxydim, except that the methyl ester of stearic acid did not enhance14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-sethoxydim. The absorption and translocation of14C following the application of14C-CGA-82725 {(±)-2-[4-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid)-2-propynylester},14C-diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid},14C-fluazifop, and14C-sethoxydim were generally enhanced equally or greater by the methyl ester of sunflower (Helianthus annumL.) oil than by petroleum oil additive or once refined sunflower oil. Methylated sunflower oil was equally or more effective as an additive than petroleum oil in enhancing grass control with fluazifop and sethoxydim in a field experiment.

Exudation of Glyphosate from Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Plants and Its Effects on Interplanted Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim J.V. Rodrigues ◽  
A. Douglas Worsham ◽  
Frederick T. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soybean Seedling ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Seedling Plant ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 1.1 kg/ha to wheat [Triticum aestivum(L.) ‘Arthur 71′] plants increased height and fresh weight of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom′] seedlings planted in the pot at time of application of the glyphosate as the number of wheat plants treated increased from 5 to 30/pot. Height and fresh weight of the soybean seedlings also increased as the rate of glyphosate applied to wheat plants (5/pot) increased from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha. Increasing the rate of glyphosate from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha, however, reduced the height and fresh weight of soybeans when 30 wheat plants/pot were treated. In addition, when 6.7 kg/ha of glyphosate were applied to wheat plants, soybean-seedling plant height and fresh weight decreased as the density of wheat plants per pot increased from 5 to 30. The14C-glyphosate exuded into the soil from treated wheat plants was characterized by thin-layer chromatography. Trace amounts of the radio-label were present on thin-layer plates of leaf and stem extracts of corn (Zea maysL.) plants, which were growing in the same pots with the treated wheat plants. The zone of activity had the same Rf value as the glyphosate standard.

The Effect of Surfactant and Environment on the Toxicity of Metriflufen to Soybeans (Glycine max) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Over The Top

Metriflufen {2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} was applied as the methyl ester at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha over-the-top to johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] growing from rhizomes and to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68′]. After herbicide treatment, plants were grown in the growth chamber for 14 days at 16, 24, or 32 C with relative humidity (RH) at 40 or 100% at each air temperature. Johnsongrass was not controlled at 16 C regardless of metriflufen rate, RH, or the addition of nonoxynol [α-(p-nonylphenyl)-ω-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene)] (with 9.5 moles of polyoxyethylene) surfactant at 0.25 (g/100 ml) to spray solutions. Johnsongrass control at 24 C varied from 5 to 98%, with significantly better control at 100% than at 40% RH. The presence of surfactant increased johnsongrass control at 24 C and 40% RH but not at 24 C and 100% RH. Johnsongrass control at 32 C varied from 48 to 98%, and it was not increased by the presence of the surfactant, regardless of metriflufen rate or RH level. At 16 C metriflufen was more injurious to soybeans than to johnsongrass, but at 24 and 32 C johnsongrass control was significantly greater than soybean injury. The presence of surfactant in spray solutions generally did not increase soybean injury, regardless of temperature or RH level. These results suggest that metriflufen is most selective in controlling johnsongrass in soybeans at 24 C, especially under high RH.

Absorption and Translocation of Sethoxydim with Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Oil Percentage ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Emulsifier Concentration

Experiments were conducted to determine14C absorption and translocation by oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) foliarly treated with14C-sethoxydim {(2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one)} and various additives. Safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) oil all similarly increased foliar absorption and translocation of14C more than palm oil (Elaeis quineensisJacq.) but less than petroleum oil, when applied without an emulsifier. An emulsifier in the oil additive tended to enhance14C absorption and translocation more in soybean oil than petroleum oil so that14C absorption and translocation were similar with both oils containing emulsifiers. Absorption and translocation of14C tended to increase more with an increase in emulsifier concentration in soybean oil than in petroleum oil but not beyond 15% with either oil. Percentage of14C absorbed and translocated from14C-sethoxydim applied to oats increased as the amount of soybean oil applied increased from 2.3 to 4.6 L/ha, but the increase was less for sethoxydim at 0.87 kg ai/ha than at 0.03 or 0.17 kg ai/ha.

Modeling Diclofop Activity on ThreeBromusSpecies

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-252
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stahlman
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Order Equation ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
First Order ◽  
Bromus Secalinus ◽  
Cubic Polynomial ◽  
Over Time

The methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} mixed with soil at 1, 2, and 3 ppmw reduced the growth ofBromusspecies in the greenhouse as follows: downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) more than Japanese brome (Bromus japonicusThunb. ex Murr. ♯ BROJA) more than cheat (Bromus secalinusL. ♯ BROSE). The decrease in herbicide effect (decay) over time was described better using a second-order equation than a first-order equation. Plant response-herbicide dose relationships were described best with a cubic polynomial equation.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Diclofop by Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg R. Gillespie ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Treated Leaf

The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} by three sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) lines was determined at 10 and 30C. Sunflower absorbed up to 27% more14C-diclofop while growing at 30C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) than at 10C and 40 ± 10% RH. Absorption of diclofop by susceptible (170415) and tolerant (296292 and Hybrid 894) sunflower lines was similar. Translocation of14C out of the treated sunflower leaf was greater at 30 (1.3%) than 10C (0.5%) 192 h after treatment when averaged across sunflower lines. The diclofop-susceptible line exported more of the applied diclofop from the treated leaf to the shoot portion below the treated leaf than the tolerant lines. Metabolism of diclofop was more rapid at 30 than 10C; however, the three sunflower lines metabolized diclofop similarly.

Preventing Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Seed Production with DPX-Y6202 and Fluazifop

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. Richardson ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Application Rates

Ethyl ester of DPX-Y6202 {2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied during the reproductive phase of development at 0.07 and 0.28 kg ai/ha prevented seed formation in downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE). Fluazifop prevented seed formation over a wider range of application rates and growth stages than did DPX-Y6202. Seed production was prevented most readily by herbicide applications made early in the reproductive phase. Environmental factors during reproduction affected herbicide performance. Foliar absorption and translocation of14C-fluazifop into the developing spikelets was greater than that of14C-DPX-Y6202 in downy brome.

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