Effect of the Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Rain-fed Condition

Background: Use of organic manures to meet the nutrient requirement of the crop would be an inevitable practice for sustainable agriculture. Since organic manures generally improve the physical, chemical and biological properties along with conserving soil moisture and thus resulting in enhanced crop productivity along with maintaining the quality of crop production. Organic farming in recent years is gaining significance due to the realization of inherent advantages it confers in sustaining crop production and also in maintaining dynamic soil nutrient status and safe environment. Organic farming is also concerns to produce the quality food and human health, so that this research and studied the interaction effect of vermicompost and poultry manure on groundnut crop in Chitrakoot condition. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Rajola Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot in kharif 2019. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of poultry manure and vermicompost applications. The morphological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in experimental farm and departmental laboratory. Result: The combination dose of V3P3 (6 ton ha-1 vermicompost and 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure) was found to be best giving the maximum values. The effect of V3 on the number of pod per plant and number of seed per plant was maximum 15.20 and 3.22 and effect of P3 on the number of pod per plant and number of seed per plant was maximum 14.156 and 3.11 respectively. The interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure of the V3P3 combination was recorded maximum 17.13 per plant. Seed per pod interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure of the V3P3 combination also recorded maximum 3.66 per pod. Effect of vermicompost and poultry manure on 100 kernel weight was maximum in V3 (42.55 g) and P3 (41.00 g) respectively. The shelling percentage also was recorded maximum in V3 (69.77) and P3 (67.77) and interaction of both parameters was recorded non significance. Effect on yield (q/ha) was recorded maximum in V3 (1.05) and P3 (0.99) and the interaction was recorded maximum in V3P3 combination (1.27). The effect of vermicompost on oil percentage, protein percentage and oil yield (kg/ha) was recorded maximum 48.46, 21.33 and 1573.5 in V3 respectively. The effect of poultry manure recorded maximum in P3 (48.03), 20.68 and 1411.2 kg/ha oil percentage, protein percentage and oil yield respectively. The interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure was recorded maximum with the combination of V3P3 and found 49.52 oil percentage, 21.76 protein percentage and 1696.00 kg/ha oil yield. The results indicated that all these parameters were significantly increased due to vermicompost and poultry manure application. Their interaction was also significant. It was evident that a combination dose of V3P3 (6 ton ha-1 vermicompost and 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure) was found to be best giving the maximum values.

Effects of Various Nutrient Sources on Growth and Essential Oil Characteristics of Salvia Officinalis L. in Greenhouse

The agronomic and chemical characteristics of aromatic plants are affected by nutritional sources. Salvia officinalis (common sage) is an aromatic plant extensively used in food, popular medicine, and many pharmacological research studies. In this study, the effects of NPK, vermicompost and two types of microbiological fertilizer were investigated on the agronomic parameters and volatile oil characteristics of S. officinalis grown in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested two times (1st and 2nd cuttings) during the growing season. The consumption of NPK has the highest effect on stem number (54 no plant-1), fresh and dry herb weight (96.8 and 27.2 g p-1), fresh and dry leaf weight (74.6 and 19.6 g p-1), and volatile oil percentage (1.64%). While the herb weight at the 1st cutting (74.3 g p-1) was higher than the 2nd cutting (70.2 g p-1), the fresh (58.2 g p-1) and dry (16.6 g p-1) leaf weights and the leaf ratio (80.5 %) at the 2nd cutting were higher than the 1st cutting. Moreover, the volatile oil contents at the 1st cutting (1.44%) were higher than the 2nd cutting (1.18%). In total, 31 compounds were identified in the volatile oils by using GC/FID-MS. The percentages of α-Thujone (22.4-31.4%) and Camphor (21.0-25.4%) were found higher than other compounds. The content of α-Thujone was higher in NPK and vermicompost treatments. Based on the results, the application of different nutritional sources improved the yield and chemical properties of S. officinalis. Among the non-chemical nutrient sources, vermicompost had high efficiency.

Effect of salicylic acid concentrations and spray dates on growth of coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum L.) and essential oil content of its seeds

"The experiment was carried out in fields of Agricultural Research and Experiments Station (2) affiliated with the College of Agriculture / Al-Muthanna University during growth season 2018-2019 to study the effect of spraying three different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 100 and 200 mg.L-1) and spray date it at three different dates (60 , 90 and 120 days after planting) on growth of Coriandrum sativum L. and a volatile oil content in seeds. The experiment was applied using a randomized complete block design RCBD with three replications. The results showed that plants treated with salicylic acid (200 mg.L-1) was significantly outperformed of dry weight shoot, the weight of 100 seeds and seed yield gave (21.76 g.plant-1, 1.22 g and 7.79 g.plant-1) respectively. While, the plants treated with salicylic (100 mg.L-1) was significantly outperformed and gave highest values of essential oil percentage (0.87%) and essential oil yield (6.32 μl.plant-1). The plants that were sprayed with salicylic after 120 days of cultivation outperformed significantly in the weight of 100 seeds, seed yield and essential oil yield were gave (1.12 gm., 7.54 gm.plant-1 and 5.53 μl.plant-1). While, the highest values were recorded in the dry weight of the shoot total (20.51 g.plant-1) and in essential oil percentage (0.787%) in plants that were sprayed after 90 days of cultivation."

Mass Transfer during Atmospheric and Vacuum Frying of Chorizo

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of moisture and oil uptake during chorizo deep-fat frying as compared to atmospheric and vacuum conditions. The conditions in the process were 90, 120, and 150°C for vacuum frying and 160, 170, and 180°C for atmospheric frying. The kinetics of moisture loss during atmospheric and vacuum frying was studied from the analytical solution of Fick’s second law for cylinder geometry. Oil absorption was also determined using a first-order kinetic model. The moisture content decreased by 33.72% at the maximum process temperature and time during vacuum frying (150°C, 360 s), as compared to the atmospheric frying, which was 28.61% (180°C). The oil content at the end of the process (360 s) was 27.79% (90°C), 27.31% (120°C), and 24.82% (150°C) for vacuum-fried chorizos, and higher values were obtained in the atmospheric frying, obtaining values of 34.45% (160°C), 31.36% (170°C), and 28.47% (180°C) ( p < 0.05 ). In summary, the vacuum frying yielded sausages with a lower final oil percentage and higher moisture content; these results are promising because they may influence consumer preference for sensory parameters.

Role of Organic and BioFertilizers on Yield and Quality of Sunflower Helianthus annuus L

"A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Jadrya during the spring Season 2019 , to investigate the role of organic and Bio fertilizers on , yield and quality of sunflower crop , Aqmar variety .Using randomized replicates within a factorial experiment order was used . The Experiment included two factors , the first was represented spraing of organic matter ( Bilirubin ) by three concentration 1 , 2 and 3 ml L-1 in addition to the treatment of control ( without spraying ) , the second was represented foliar spray of the dry yeast at the three concentrations 1 , 2 and 3 gm L-1 in addition to the treatment of control (without spraying ) . All treatment were conducted in two stages , first at the stage of four leaves ( for 75% of the total plants ) , the second at the beginning of the emergence of flowering buds floral . The results Showed: Sprayin Bilirubin affected significantly on all yield and quality studied traits.. The plants which sprayed with 3 ml L-1 from bilirubin were recorded the highest of head diameter , percentage of fertility , number of seeds in head , weight of 1000 seed , and total yield seed an increasing 12.17% , 1.8% , 18.58% , 12.01% ,and 32.33% comparison and without significant differences with 2 ml L-1 concentrations .While the plants were spryed with 2 ml L-1 concentration from bilirubin was Superior in oil percentage in seed.The traits of yield and quality studied significantly increased with increase of yeast concentration , the highest of average at 3gm L-1 without signifeant difference with concentration 2 gm L-1 on the most of traits except weight of 1000 seed, 2 gm L-1 was superior average for total seed yield ,and oil percentage at spranig with 3 gm L-1 from yeast was 8.751 M gm ha-1 , and 44.88% respectiveiy comparsion with control treatment which recorded the lowest average for this traits 6.122 M gm ha-1 , 42.04% and 2.581 Mg ha-1 respectively . The interaction between the two factors was significantly in most studied yield traits except percentage fertility, number of seed in head."

PRODUCTIVITY AND OIL QUALITY OF THYMUS VULGARIS L. UNDER GROWTH PROMOTERS AND SOILLESS CULTURE CONDITIONS

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) belongs to the lamiaceae family. It is characterized by its medicinal and economic values. Thymus is grown worldwide for cosmetic and medical use. Plant bio-stimulants are classified as substances which have positive effects on growth and productivity of plants. Bio-stimulants are obtained naturally from various economically and environmentally viable sources. The current experiment aimed to investigate the response of thymus physical and chemical properties to the different types and concentrations of bio-stimulators under soil less culture conditions for two successive seasons 2019 and 2020. Thymus seedlings were planted in pots filled with mixed media of perlite: sand (1:1v/v). Plants were sprayed with aqueous solution of ascorbic acid (1 and 2g/l), aspartic acids (500 and 1000 ppm) and dry yest (2 and 4g/l) and combination of them compared with control. The herp was harvested in mid- July (First cutting) and first week of October (second cut). Growth and yield characters were measured. The essential oil percentage was determined and analyzed by GC in both cuts from the fresh herb. Results showed that, spraying of mixtures of ascorbic acid (2g/l), aspartic acids (1000 ppm) and yeast (4g/l)) significantly increased yield, total carbohydrates, total phenols, total pigments, essential oil percentage and yield as well as its NPK content characters and components of essential oil high contents of thymol, ? and ? –Pinene during both cuts and for both seasons. Economic evaluation was carried out by calculating with the highest return in the mixture treatment. It is clear that all treatments are economically feasible however, one can find that the maximum return or profit comes from mixture treatments where the benefit to cost ratio were 3.99 and 3.9 for Mix2 and Mix1 respectively.

THE RESPONSE OF GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO SOYBEAN VARIETIES GLYCINE MAX (L.) TO SOWING DEPTH

Tow field experiments were conducted at Nineveh Governorate at two locations: Baashiqa/village Omer qapchi and Al-Rashidia during the summer growing season 2019, to study the response of two soybean varieties (Lee74 and Taqa) to sowing depth (3 and 7 cm). The experiments were carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results were as following: Variety Taqa was significantly superior in field emergence Percentage, leaf area, no. of pods.plant-1, wt. of 1000 seeds, seed yield, and protein percentage for both locations. Sowing depth with 3cm increased significantly the following characters i.e.: field emergence Percentage, leaf area, and no. of pods.plant-1, wt. of 1000 seeds, seed yield, and oil percentage for both locations. - Overlap between Taqa variety and sowing depth (3cm) led to significantly superior in growth, yield, and its components, i.e. field emergence Percentage, leaf area, no. of pods.plant-1, wt. of 1000 seeds, seed yield and oil percentage for both location.

Evaluation of essential oil isolated from dry coriander seeds and recycling of the plant waste under different storage conditions

Background This study focused on the comparison of the essential oil percentage and constituents obtained from the dry seeds and the waste of coriander plant in order to reach the best ways to store the essential oil. Results The chemical composition of coriander oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysis of coriander essential oil showed that linalool was the main constituent of dry seed oil under all conditions. It recorded 59.6, 59.28 and 47.69% of the treatments of the oil at zero time, stored in cool conditions and stored at room temperature, respectively. Concerning oil constituents of coriander waste (the remained herb after collecting seeds), the results showed that trans-anethole was the major oil constituent, followed by linalool compound. The quality of the stored oil in the refrigerator after harvest was better than the stored oil from seeds or waste under room temperature. Conclusion The changes have been observed in the chemical composition of coriander oil extracted from seed and waste subjected to different storage conditions. The waste of coriander can be considered a new source of essential oil.