Antioxidant ability of Chenopodium formosanum extracted using an ethanol–ammonium sulfate two-phase system

Background Chenopodium formosanum (CF) provides the human body with numerous nutritional components. This study used the two-phase system to identify an efficient method to obtain CF extracts. CF extraction was performed using an ethanol–ammonium sulfate two-phase system. The efficacy of different CF extracts with five types of antioxidant ability was tested and compared with traditional aqueous and alcohol extractions. Results The results showed that a separated top of the two-phase system extract had higher total phenol content (120.35 ± 5.80 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract), total flavonoid content (447.06 ± 16.57 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract) and reducing ability (284.48 ± 4.60 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry extract) than those of other extracts. Furthermore, the separated top of the two-phase system extract and the top of the two-phase system extract had higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radical scavenging ability than those of the water extract, alcohol extract, bottom of two-phase system extract, and separated bottom of two-phase system extract. Conclusions The results indicate that CF has great potential for use in natural plant health supplements and skin care products and that the two-phase extraction system can yield an effective CF extract. Graphical Abstract

Analytical and Chemometric Characterization of Fino and Amontillado Sherries during Aging in Criaderas y Solera System

Fino and Amontillado are Sherry wines, produced in Marco de Jerez area (southern Spain), and aged in Criaderas y Solera system. Fino Sherry wine follows a biological aging process, under a veil of flor yeasts, while Amontillado Sherry wine shares the same biological aging firstly, followed by oxidative aging, which gives them special features. Organic acids, esters, higher alcohols, phenolic compounds and total dry extract of Sherries evolve during aging due to evaporation processes, physical-chemical reactions, wood contributions and microbiological activity. During aging, Sherry wines improve their organoleptic profile, as could be proved in the tasting sessions. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Factor Analysis with factor extraction using Principal Components of Sherry wines studied were carried out and natural groupings of the wines according to the type of aging and their age were observed. A strong correlation between the parameters analyzed and the aging of each wine has been seen in the Multiple Linear Regression studies, establishing two different models, one for each type of Sherry wine, that, with only four of all the variables studied estimated the wine age with more than 99% of confidence. This constitutes a useful tool to control the age of these Sherry wines in the winery.

Artificial neural networks in the prediction of fraud in integral milk powder by adding whey powder

ABSTRACT: This research was performed to ascertain the most suitable Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to quantify the degree of fraud in powdered milk through the addition of powdered whey via regular standard physicochemical analyses. In this study, an evaluation was done on 103 samples with different quantities of added whey powder to whole milk powder. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy the fat, cryoscopy, total solids, defatted dry extract, lactose, protein and casein were analyzed. The hyperbolic tangent transformation function was used with 45 topologies, and the Holdback and K-fold validation methods were tested. In the Holdback method, 75% of the database was employed for training, while 25% was used for validation. In the K-fold method, the database was categorized into five equal sized subsets, which alternated between training and validation. Of the two methods, the K-fold method was proven to have superior efficiency. Next, analysis was done on three models of multilayer perceptron networks with feedforward architecture. In Model 1, the input layer contained all the physicochemical analyses conducted, in model 2 the casein analysis was excluded, and in model 3 the routine analyses performed for dairy products was done (fat, defatted dry extract, cryoscopy and total solids). From Model 3 an ANN was derived which could satisfactorily predict fraud calculated from using the routine and standard analyses for dairy products, containing 64 nodes in the hidden layer, with R2 of 0.9935 and RMSE of 0.5779 for training, and R2 of 0.9964 and RMSE of 0.4358 for validation.

The Influence of the Parameters of the Subcritical Water Extraction Process on the Efficiency of Isoflavones Elicitation from Soy Meal

Topicality. Incidental products of soy processing (okara, meal, millcake) contain a large amount of protein, and, additionally, other valuable biologically active substances. Among them, isoflavones are of particular researchers’ interest. Subcritical water extraction is a promising method for elicitation biologically active substances from plant raw material. However, such a method of extracting isoflavones, and its rational parameters for soy meal, remain insufficiently investigated. Aim and methods. The aim of this work is to study the influence of parameters (temperature: 120...160°С, duration of extraction: 5...15 min, hydromodule: 1:15...25) of the extracting process of soy meal with subcritical water on the isoflavones content in the dry material of the extract. The empirical research method is applied, using the second-order orthogonal compositional outline for a fractional factor experiment. The samples of soy meal extract are obtained using the experimental setup, based on the high-pressure reactor “RHP-2-500”. The total isoflavones content in the dry extract material is defined in terms of gallic acid with absorption spectrophotometry method. Results. Based on the obtained results, the quadratic interpolation model is constructed. This model links the total isoflavones content in the dry extract material with the extraction parameters. The analysis of the constructed model makes it possible to establish rational measures of extraction parameters. Conclusions and discussion. In this study, the intensive growth of soflavones content in the dry extract with highing the temperature process, and a relatively small influence of the process duration on this indicator, were defined. The influence of the hydromodule is ambiguous. The lowest yield of isoflavones is noted at hydromodule ≈1:21,41. Its increase or decrease lead to the growth of isoflavones content in the extract. In this paper, for the first time, the existence of rational measures of parameters in the process of extracting isoflavones with subcritical water from soy meal is studied and established. The obtained results can be used in the elaboration of the technology for producing isoflavones enriched soy protein concentrate.

Determination of individual coumarin in a dry extract of Melilotus officinalis L.

Introduction. Substances of plant origin exhibit a variety of pharmacological activity in combination with a relatively low toxicity and frequency of side effects. In this regard, a promising direction is the standardization of substances of plant origin in the development of new herbal medicinal products.Aim. Qualitative and quantitative determination of individual coumarin in a dry extract of Melilotus оfficinalis L.Materials and methods. A dry extract of the Melilotus officinalis L. was used as an object of research. Determination of individual coumarin was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results and discussion. As a result of the research, coumarin was identified by high performance liquid chromatography based on comparison of retention times of the sample with retention times of a standard sample of coumarin in the sample of dry extract under research. The coumarin contents in the dry extract was 0.642 ± 0.007 %.Conclusion. The data obtained on the qualitative and quantitative content of coumarin in the dry extract of Melilotus оfficinalis L. were used in the development of the draft version specification of quality indicators.

Oxidative Stress and DNA Lesion Reduction of a Polyphenolic Enriched Extract of Thymus marschallianus Willd. in Endothelial Vascular Cells Exposed to Hyperglycemia

The present study aimed to compare two polyphenolic-enriched extracts obtained from the Thymus marschallianus Willd. (Lamiaceae) species, harvested from culture (TMCE in doses of 0.66 μg GAE/mL and 0.066 μg GAE/mL) and from spontaneous flora (TMSE in doses of 0.94 μg GAE/mL and 0.094 μg GAE/mL) by assessing their biological effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to normoglycemic (137 mmol/L glucose) and hyperglycemic conditions (200 mmol/L glucose). Extracts were obtained by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by chromatographical (HPLC-DAD) and spectrophotometrical methods. Their effects on hyperglycemia were evaluated by the quantification of oxidative stress and NF-ĸB, pNF-ĸB, HIF-1α, and γ-H2AX expressions. The HPLC-DAD analysis highlighted significant amounts of rosmarinic acid (ranging between 0.18 and 1.81 mg/g dry extract), luteolin (ranging between 2.04 and 17.71 mg/g dry extract), kaempferol (ranging between 1.85 and 7.39 mg/g dry extract), and apigenin (ranging between 4.97 and 65.67 mg/g dry extract). Exposure to hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress and the activation of NF-ĸ increased the expression of HIF-1α and produced DNA lesions. The polyphenolic-enriched extracts proved a significant reduction of oxidative stress and γ-H2AX formation and improved the expression of HIF-1α, suggesting their protective role on endothelial cells in hyperglycemia. The tested extracts reduced the total NF-ĸB expression and diminished its activation in hyperglycemic conditions. The obtained results bring evidence for the use of the polyphenolic-enriched extracts of T. marschallianus as adjuvants in hyperglycemia.

STUDY OF THE AMINO ACID AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE COMPLEX DRY EXTRACT "PHY-TOINFLAM"

The purpose of this research is to study the amino acid and elemental composition of the complex dry extract "Phytoinflam" obtained from ordinary Oak (latin. Quercus robur L.). Chamomile (latin. Chamоmilla recutita (L.)) and three-lobe Beggarticks (latin. Bidens tripartita). Determination of the amino acid composition was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the quantitative determination of macro-and microelements - by the method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) According to the results of the research, it was revealed that 20 amino acids were found in the dry extract "Phytoinflam": 15 of which are representatives of various classes of aliphatic amino acids, 3 – aromatic and 2 – heterocyclic. It should be noted that ten out of twenty discovered amino acids are irreplaceable. The largest quantities are proline, valine, alanine, arginine, cysteine and glutamine. The total amino acid content was 14.767 mg/100 mg, of which 38.97% were essential amino acids, and, accordingly, 61.03% were non-essential. The results of the study of micro- and macroelements showed the presence of 28 elements in the analyzed extract, among which seven are essential (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn) and four conditionally essential. It is noted that the high content of such elements important for the vital activity of the body as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, silver, strontium. The concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic in the analyzed dry extract did not exceed the regulated limit according to WHO and state Pharmacopoeia XIV. The data obtained indicate the high value of the complex dry extract "Phytoinflam", which confirms its therapeutic value and the possibility of creating drugs based on it.

Bio-analytical Approach for Stability Studies of Bendroflumethiazide Materials

In this paper a comprehensive study of stability related, and evidence based best practices of Bio-analytical stability on Bendroflumethiazide drug samples are studied. The proposed approach is very significant and essential for the drugs development process address the specify the acceptancy, purity, efficacy, prediction of strength and quality of the drugs. The stability study constituents several methods like Bench-Top, Auto-sampler, Freeze-Thaw, Dry-extract, Wet-extract, Short-term, long-Term stability studies at relative intervals results the complete stability information about the drug under the proposed and validated method. There ported out comes of this methos shows this drug have good stability according to ICH guidelines.

Burn Wound Healing Activity of Prunella Grandiflora L. Exctract

The qualitative composition of phenolic acids and burn wound healing activity of Prunella grandiflora L. extract were studied. The content of rosmarinic (621±5 mg/g), coffeic (11.2±0.2 mg/g), syringic (46.5±1.4 mg/g), n-coumaric (25.8±0.5 mg/g), and ferulic (42.7±2.9 mg/g) acids in dry extracts of P. grandiflora was determined by HPLC. Three new burn-healing agents of different composition containing 5% of the dry extract of Prunella grandiflora L. (big-flowered self-heal) were developed. The developed agents were tested on male Wistar rats with second- and third-degree thermal burns. An assessment of skin restoration was carried out in experimental and control groups of animals. It was revealed that animals treated with the developed soft dosage forms restored the epithelium and coat 6–8 days faster that those treated with compositions containing no extract under study. It was found that the developed soft dosage forms based on P. grandiflora extract exhibit anti-inflammatory and wound-healing action.