Response of Cotton to Cultivation

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Buchanan ◽  
A.E. Hiltbold
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Loam Soil

Yields of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) did not differ with various cultivation practices on two soils in Alabama over a 3 to 5-yr period. Cultivation treatments resulted in cotton yields equivalent to but not greater than those resulting from weed removal without soil stirring. However, lack of any weed control resulted in more than 90% yield reduction on Decatur clay loam soil based on a 5-yr average and 95% yield reduction on Hartsells fine sandy loam soil, based on a 3-yr average.

Weed Management in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Grown in Two Row Spacings

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Miller ◽  
Lyle M. Carter ◽  
Charles Carter
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Loam Soil

Tillage plus trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and prometryn [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and tillage plus trifluralin and fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] applied as soil-incorporated preplanting treatments were compared with tillage alone in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) grown in 51-cm and 102-cm rows on fine sandy loam soil. Over 3 yr, cotton grown in 51-cm rows yielded 15% more than cotton grown in 102-cm rows. Final cotton emergence was not altered by weed-control treatment or by planting pattern. Weed-control treatments with herbicides provided essentially complete, season-long control of grass and broadleaf weeds. At cotton layby, more weeds were in no-herbicide plots with 51-cm rows compared with 102-cm rows, but at cotton harvest numbers of weeds in both row patterns were essentially equal.

Dissipation and Leaching of Pyroxasulfone andS-Metolachlor

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Westra ◽  
Dale L. Shaner ◽  
Philip H. Westra ◽  
Phillip L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

Pyroxasulfone dissipation and mobility in the soil was evaluated and compared toS-metolachlor in 2009 and 2010 at two field sites in northern Colorado, on a Nunn fine clay loam, and Olney fine sandy loam soil. Pyroxasulfone dissipation half-life (DT50) values varied from 47 to 134 d, and those ofS-metolachlor ranged from 39 to 63 d. Between years, herbicide DT50values were similar under the Nunn fine clay loam soil. Under the Olney fine sandy loam soil, dissipation in 2009 was minimal under dry soil conditions. In 2010, under the Olney fine sandy loam soil,S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone had half-lives of 39 and 47 d, respectively, but dissipation rates appeared to be influenced by movement of herbicides below 30 cm. Herbicide mobility was dependent on site-year conditions, in all site-years pyroxasulfone moved further downward in the soil profile compared toS-metolachlor.

Effect of Commonly used Turfgrass Herbicides on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Root Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel ◽  
G. Euel Coats
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

Experiments were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to determine bioavailability of PRE herbicides at three soil profile depths and two soil types in established common bermudagrass sods. Prodiamine and oryzalin reduced ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass root growth in the 5- to 7.5-cm layer of a Bosket very fine sandy loam soil at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in 1991. These herbicides decreased bermudagrass root weight in both the Bosket and Marietta sandy clay loam both years in samples taken from the 2.5- to 5-cm depth layer. In the 0- to 2.5-cm soil layer, all herbicides reduced root weight in 1990. In a bioassay, prodiamine caused decreased Tifgreen bermudagrass root growth at concentrations as low as 4 ppb by wt in the very fine sandy loam soil, while 8 ppb was necessary in the sandy clay loam soil. Prodiamine was detected in the very fine sandy loam at 4 wk after treatment at all depths in 1991 (65, 45, and 39 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively). Oryzalin was also detected at all depths in 1991 when sampled at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in the very fine sandy loam. Pendimethalin was present in concentrations of 38, 39, and 37 ppb in the sandy clay loam at 2 wk after treatment in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and the 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively. Pendimethalin was also detected in the very fine sandy loam at 2 wk after treatment at concentrations of 55, 69, and 36 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively.

Subsurface Application and Shallow Incorporation of Herbicides on Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Wiese ◽  
E. B. Hudspeth
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Loam Soil

In a 3-year study on four soil types, subsurface application just ahead of a planter with a device that removed the top from the bed, applied a band of spray, and covered the band with soil reduced weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) obtained with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne), 3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (norea), dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 1,1-dimethyl-3(α,α,α,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) compared to applications on the soil surface. This machine improved weed control with α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Shallow incorporation, with two helical blades, after planting increased weed control with trifluralin, diuron, and DCPA by 10% or more over the surface applications. This incorporator increased weed control obtained with prometryne and norea 5%. Very shallow incorporation, with metal tines, after planting improved weed control obtained with trifluralin and DCPA 18 and 11%, respectively. Weed control with norea was increased 7%, but metal tines did not appreciably affect weed control obtained with prometryne, diuron, or fluometuron. Compared to surface applications, incorporation increased cotton injury with diuron, norea, prometryne, and fluometuron on sandy loam soil.

Persistence of Chlorsulfuron and BAY SMY 1500 in Air Dry Soil at Room Temperature

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Birhanu Kinfe ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

Persistence of BAY SMY 1500 and chlorsulfuron during storage for 0 to 6 mo at room temperature in air-dry clay loam soil with pH 7.6 and sandy loam soil with pH 6.6 was determined with conventional wheat bioassay procedures. BAY SMY 1500 had predicted half-lives greater than 6 mo in both soils. Half-lives of chlorsulfuron were 6.0 and 3.2 mo in the clay loam soil and sandy loam soil, respectively.

scholarly journals Early potato cultivation using synthetic and biodegradable covers

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Marek Kołodziejczyk ◽  
Andrzej Oleksy ◽  
Bogdan Kulig ◽  
Andrzej Lepiarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Full Maturity

The cultivation of plants under the covers made of synthetic polymers brings many benefits, however, it is associated with the need to utilize or recycle these materials after the period of their use. Such problems are not caused by the covers made of natural polymers. The aim of the study carried out in the years 2013–2014 was to determine an effect of covers made of biopolymers and synthetic polymers on thermal conditions and potato yield. Field study was carried out under sandy loam and silty clay loam soils conditions. The temperature of silty clay loam soil under the covers was on average by 2.9°C higher than in the unprotected area, whereas sandy loam soil had the temperature higher by 2.5°C under biodegradable foil and by 2.7°C under standard foil. Temperature increase under non-woven fabrics was lower than under foils. The highest increase in marketable tuber yield after 40 days from emergence and in full maturity of potato plants was found after at application of standard non-woven fabric P17 (7.2 and 7.4 t/ha, respectively) and the lowest, i.e., 3.0 and 3.4 t/ha, respectively, under biodegradable foil. Cover type had no effect on the number of tubers formed on the first harvest date, whereas a significantly higher number of tubers was recorded in the full maturity of plants in the year characterized by a longer growing period of potato under non-woven P17 on sandy loam soil, and under biodegradable foil on silty clay loam soil conditions. A significant influence of cover on the average tuber weight on the first harvest date was found only on sandy loam soil under non-woven fabrics in 2013, as compared to full maturity of plants under biodegradable covers on sandy loam soil in 2013 and on silty clay loam soil under all covers in 2014.

Influence of soil matric potential on 14C exudation from fungal propagules

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2084-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Filonow ◽  
D. K. Arora
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Matric Potential ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Loam Soil

The influence of soil matric potential (ψm) on 14C exudation from labeled fungal propagules incubated in two soils over 5 days was determined, using tensiometers set at 0, −50, −100, and −200 mbar ψm (1 bar = 100 kPa). In general, 14C exudation to soil (as a percent of initial label) tended to be greatest at 0 mbar and decreasing ψm. In a sandy loam soil, the range of 14C exudation from conidia of Bipolaris victoriae or sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina was 18.4–20.9 or 4.4–5.5% at 0 mbar. At −200 mbar, it was 5.5–6.0 or 1.2–1.7%, respectively. In a clay loam soil at 0 mbar, conidia of B. victoriae or B. sorokiniana lost 17.6–19.9 or 7.3–9.2%, respectively, of total 14C label as exudate. At −200 mbar 14.6 or 5.9–7.2% was lost, respectively. Sclerotia of M. phaseolina lost 5.1–5.7% 14C-labeled exudate to the clay loam soil at 0 mbar and 4.3–4.6% at −200 mbar. 14C exudation at ψm less than saturation was about 2–3 times greater in the clay loam soil than in the sandy loam soil. Calculated ratios of evolved 14CO2/total 14C-labeled exudate were lowest at 0 mbar and increased as ψm decreased, suggesting that oxygen availability and soil water content as regulated by ψm were related to soil respiratory utilization of exudate.

Factors Affecting Use of Activated Carbon to Improve Herbicide Selectivity

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Burr ◽  
W. O. Lee ◽  
A. P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Loam Soil

Under greenhouse conditions activated carbon, applied as a slurry at the time of seeding, protected Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) seedlings from the toxicity of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) applied preemergence. Plants growing from seeds planted 1.3 cm deep received less protection from diuron than plants growing from seeds planted 0.6, 1.9, or 2.5 cm deep. Sandy loam soil required at least three times more activated carbon than a clay loam soil to obtain the same protection. Activated carbon applied at 130 kg/ha in a 2.5-cm band on the soil surface directly over the seeds provided adequate protection on a clay loam soil. On a sandy loam soil the 130-kg/ha rate was not adequate. Wetting agents added to aid in carbon wetting reduced the protective effect of activated carbon when added at 0.9 or 2.7% (v/v) but had only a slight effect on protection when added at 0.3% (v/v). The soil moisture level at the time of carbon application and the amount of subsequent irrigation did not influence the protection obtained with activated carbon.

Effect of fertilizer placement on yield of established alfalfa stands

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 883-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Simons ◽  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
K Fertilization

Alfalfa yield response to P and K fertilization management has been documented elsewhere, but little work has been done in western Canada. Field studies conducted on two Manitoba soils for 4 yr evaluated the effects of four levels of monoammonium phosphate and three levels of potassium chloride fertilizers, applied as a surface broadcast or as an in-soil band application, on the yield of established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands. Applied P increased total annual forage yield on the clay loam soil by 1.53 t h−1 (47%), when averaged over the 4 yr of the study, but did not increase yields on the fine sandy loam. Yield response to P application on the clay loam soil increased over the 4 yr of the study. Potassium application resulted in minor or no increases in forage yield on both soils. On the clay loam soil, there was no yield difference between banded and broadcast fertilizer applications. On the fine sandy loam soil, band application reduced yields slightly compared with broadcast application, particularly at the first harvest following fertilizer application. Grass ingress into the plots was reduced by K application but was not affected by P fertilization, which may indicate a beneficial effect of K fertilization on alfalfa vigor and persistence. Key words: Potassium, phosphorus, banding, broadcast, persistence

scholarly journals Adsorption isotherms modeling of herbicides bispyribac- sodium and metribuzin on two common Egyptian soil types: نمذجة الأدمصاص الحرارى لمبيدات الحشائش بيسبيرباك صوديوم والمتريبيبوزين على نوعين من التربة المصرية

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed R. Fouad - Ahmed F. El- Aswad - Mohamed E. I. Badawy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Loam Soil

    The experimental adsorption isotherms of tested pesticides BPS and MBZ from aqueous solution onto clay loam soil and sandy loam soil. The order of adsorption on clay loam soil and sandy loam soil is: BPS > MBZ. Ten isotherm models: Langmuir (five linear forms), Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin- Radushkevich (D- R), Elovich, Fowler- Guggenhiem, Kiselev, Jovanovic, Harkin- Jura and Halsey models were applied to experimental data of tested pesticides; BPS and MBZ in clay loam soil and sandy loam soil. It was observed that the values of Langmuir parameters obtained from different linear expressions were different. The values of the coefficient of correlation obtained from different Langmuir expressions indicate that the soil type is the essential factor affecting on the suitable model expression. Low determination coefficient values of tested pesticides in different soils were obtained from all Langmuir expressions except the coefficient values of Langmuir 3 and 4 for MBZ in clay loam. The Freundilch model has agreement with experimental data for MBZ and BPS in clay loam soil, for MBZ and BPS in sandy loam. The adsorption data for tested pesticides in soils were analyzed by a regression analysis to test their fit with Temkin isotherm model. This model perfectly describes the adsorption isotherms of BPS in clay loam soil and sandy loam soil because of the higher coefficients of correlations and lower standard error values while it is invalid to describe the adsorption isotherm of MBZ in different tested soils. Dubinin- Radushkevich (D- R) isotherm model it was observed that the coefficient of correlation values were low, therefore, this model does not suitable to describe the equilibrium data for tested pesticides in different. Elovich model It was observed that the coefficients of correlation are low (< 0.86) for tested pesticides in tested soils indicating a bad linearity.The calculated values of θ depend on the Freundlich model are lower than 0.6. Therefore, the Fowler- Guggenheim model could be used to describe the adsorption of the tested pesticides. Jovanovic model the coefficient values of the tested pesticides BPS and MBZ were 0.7971, and 0.9130 in clay loam soil, 0.9144 and 0.9077 in sandy loam soil.The adsorption data for the tested pesticides in different tested soils were analyzed by a regression analysis to fit the equation of Harkin- Jura isotherms.Halsey isotherm is suitable for the experimental results.    

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