Seasonal abundance and spatial pattern ofSetaria faberi, Chenopodium album, andAbutilon theophrastiin reduced-tillage soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Spatial Aggregation ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Emergence Pattern ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Weed Emergence

A better understanding of the influence of various crop and weed management practices on spatiotemporal dynamics of weeds could improve the design of integrated weed management systems. We examined the influence of 18- and 76-cm soybean row spacings on emergence pattern and spatial aggregation of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf seedling cohorts. In addition, we characterized the soil seedbank and determined the quantitative and spatial relationship between the seedbank and seedling populations. Viable seeds of about 10 weed species and twice as many species of seedlings were identified in the weed community. Giant foxtail and common lambsquarters were the predominant species in the seedling and seedbank population, respectively, each accounting for 60 to 70% of the total weed species density. Emergence of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf depleted 12 to 33%, < 2% and 12 to 49% of the seedbank in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile. Peak time and periodicity of weed emergence was not influenced by soybean row spacing, and peak time of emergence of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf occurred 3 to 4, 3 to 6, and 3 to 9 weeks after soybean planting (WAP), respectively. Magnitude of giant foxtail emergence 5, 6, and 9 WAP was 98, 96, and 76% greater in 76- than in 18-cm row soybeans only when the population of 76-cm row soybeans was 57% lower than the 18-cm soybeans in 1997. Giant foxtail and common lambsquarters seeds in the seedbank were aggregated in 1996 and 1997 according to the Taylor power law (TPL) and the negative binomial distribution (NBD). The TPL and the NBD were similar in describing the spatial aggregation of giant foxtail and common lambsquarters but not some velvetleaf seedling cohorts. The spatial aggregation of seedlings varied among cohorts for different weed species and was likely due to species-specific biological characteristics that influence seed dispersal, germination, and seedling emergence. Within a 1.5-ha area, aggregation declined with decreasing density. Within a 24-m2area, the level of aggregation of all weed species decreased as seedling densities increased. These results indicated that soybean row spacing influenced neither weed emergence pattern nor weed spatial aggregation; thus, several management decisions can be similar in 18- and 76-cm row soybeans.

Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Myers ◽  
William S. Curran ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Dennis D. Calvin ◽  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Verification ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A 2-yr experiment assessed the potential for using soil degree days (DD) to predict cumulative weed emergence. Emerged weeds, by species, were monitored every 2 wk in undisturbed plots. Soil DD were calculated at each location using a base temperature of 9 C. Weed emergence was fit with logistic regression for common ragweed, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade. Coefficients of determination for the logistic models fit to the field data ranged between 0.90 and 0.95 for the eight weed species. Common ragweed and common lambsquarters were among the earliest species to emerge, reaching 10% emergence before 150 DD. Velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail were next, completing 10% emergence by 180 DD. The last weeds to emerge were large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade, which emerged after 280 DD. The developed models were verified by predicting cumulative weed emergence in adjacent plots. The coefficients of determination for the model verification plots ranged from 0.66 to 0.99 and averaged 0.90 across all eight weed species. These results suggest that soil DD are good predictors for weed emergence. Forecasting weed emergence will help growers make better crop and weed management decisions.

Response of Annual Weed Species to Glufosinate and Glyphosate

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Tharp ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Large Crabgrass

The recent introduction of glufosinate-resistant and glyphosate-resistant crops provides growers with new options for weed management. Information is needed to compare the effectiveness of glufosinate and glyphosate on annual weeds. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the response of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) to glufosinate and glyphosate. The response of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters was investigated at multiple stages of growth. Glufosinate and glyphosate were applied to each weed species at logarithmically incremented rates. The glufosinate and glyphosate rates that provided a 50% reduction in aboveground weed biomass, commonly referred to as GR50values, were compared using nonlinear regression techniques. Barnyardgrass, common ragweed, fall panicum, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass responded similarly to glufosinate and glyphosate. Common lambsquarters 4 to 8 cm in height was more sensitive to glufosinate than glyphosate. In contrast, 15- to 20-cm tall-velvetleaf was more sensitive to glyphosate than glufosinate.

Effect of Weed Removal Timing and Row Spacing on Soil Moisture in Corn (Zea mays)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb D. Dalley ◽  
Mark L. Bernards ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Glyphosate-resistant corn was grown in 38- and 76-cm row spacings at two locations in 2001 to examine the effect of weed competition and row spacing on soil moisture. Volumetric soil moisture was measured to a depth of 0.9 m in 18-cm increments. Glyphosate was applied when average weed canopy heights reached 5, 10, 15, 23, and 30 cm. Season-long weed interference reduced soil moisture compared with the weed free controls. At Clarksville, MI, where common lambsquarters was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture in the 0- to 18-cm soil depth from late June through early August and at the 54- to 72- and 72- to 90-cm depths from mid-July through the end of the season. At East Lansing, MI, where giant foxtail was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture at the 18- to 36-, 36- to 54-, and 54- to 72-cm soil depths from mid-June to the end of the season. Season-long weed competition reduced yields more than 90% at each location. Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timing reduced soil moisture and grain yield at both locations. Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in height reduced corn yield at both locations and soil moisture at East Lansing. Grain yields in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments were equal to the weed-free corn, even though soil moisture was less during pollination and grain fill. Row spacing did not affect grain yield but did affect soil moisture. Soil moisture was greater in the 76-cm row spacing, suggesting that corn in the 38-cm row spacing may have been able to access soil moisture more effectively.

Effects of Water on Recovery of Weed Seedlings Following Burial

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Mohler ◽  
Javaid Iqbal ◽  
Jianying Shen ◽  
Antonio DiTommaso
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Organic Weed Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Recovery of common agricultural weeds after burial by soil was studied in four greenhouse and three field experiments. Species studied included velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, and giant foxtail. Seedlings were bent over before burial to simulate the effect of the impact of soil thrown by a cultivator. Altogether, more than 35,000 seedlings were marked and observed for recovery. No seedlings recovered from 4 cm of burial. Recovery from complete burial under 2 cm of soil ranged from 0 to 24% depending on the experiment, species, and watering treatment, but recovery greater than 5% was rare. Large-seeded species tended to recover from complete burial under 2 cm of soil better than small-seeded species. The study did not reveal a difference in recovery of grasses relative to broadleaf weeds. Overall, seedlings tended to recover best when water was applied daily after burial, worst when water was applied once on the day of burial, and to an intermediate extent when no water was applied. However, difference in recovery between the no-water and watering-once treatments were usually small. Also, many experiment by species combinations showed no significant differences among watering treatments. When even a small portion of the seedling was left exposed, recovery generally exceeded 50%. Organic weed management systems commonly use burial of weed seedlings with tine weeders and soil thrown by sweeps and hilling disks to control weeds in crop rows. Recovery from burial could pose a substantial weed management problem in some circumstances, particularly for large-seeded weed species. Maximizing burial depth is important for limiting recovery. Recovery from burial can be minimized by withholding irrigation for several days after hilling-up operations.

Giant Foxtail Seed Predation byHarpalus pensylvanicus(Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith J. Ward ◽  
Matthew R. Ryan ◽  
William S. Curran ◽  
Jeffrey Law
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Seed Preference ◽  
Activity Density

The utility of biological control for weed management in agroecosystems will increase with a greater understanding of the relationships between common weed and granivore species. Giant foxtail is an introduced, summer annual grass weed that is common throughout the United States and problematic in numerous crops.Harpalus pensylvanicus(DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is a common, native, omnivorous carabid beetle with a range that overlaps giant foxtail. In 2004 and 2005,H. pensylvanicuswas captured from farm fields in Centre County, PA, and subjected to laboratory feeding trials to test the preference of giant foxtail and other species on predation byH. pensylvanicus. Weed species seed preference experiments that included “Choice” and “No Choice” treatments were conducted using giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf. When given a choice amongst the three weed species,H. pensylvanicuspreferred giant foxtail and common lambsquarters seeds equally compared to velvetleaf seeds. When given the choice,H. pensylvanicuspreferred newly dispersed giant foxtail seeds over field-aged seeds. Phenology of giant foxtail seed shed relative toH. pensylvanicusactivity density was also quantified in field experiments in 2005 and 2006. Giant foxtail seed rain was determined by collecting shed seeds from August through October using pan traps. Activity density ofH. pensylvanicuswas monitored for 72-h periods using pitfall traps from June to October. Peak activity density ofH. pensylvanicusoccurred at the onset of giant foxtail seed shed in both years; however, giant foxtail seed shed peaked approximately 30 to 50 d afterH. pensylvanicusactivity density. Future research should focus on management practices that enhance and supportH. pensylvanicuspopulations later in the growing season to maximize suppression of giant foxtail and other weeds that shed palatable seeds later in the season.

The Effect of Piperonyl Butoxide and Adjuvants on Sulfonylurea Herbicide Activity

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae Soon Kwon ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Grass Weed

Greenhouse studies showed that the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), tank-mixed with the sulfonylurea herbicides, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and thifensulfuron, in the absence of effective adjuvants enhanced herbicide activity on both broadleaf and grass weed species. Effective adjuvants for nicosulfuron were K-3000 for common lambsquarters, Sylgard® 309 Surfactant for velvetleaf, K-2000 for barnyardgrass, and K-2000, K-3000, and Scoil® methylated seed oil for giant foxtail control. K-3000 and Sylgard 309 enhanced velvetleaf control with primisulfuron and thifensulfuron. The 28% urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) was more effective as an adjuvant with thifensulfuron for velvetleaf than for common lambsquarters control. The enhancement of sulfonylurea herbicide activity with PBO was most apparent when other adjuvants were least effective.

scholarly journals Late-Season Weed Management to Stop Viable Weed Seed Production

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Barbara A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Integrated weed management (IWM) for agronomic and vegetable production systems utilizes all available options to effectively manage weeds. Late-season weed control measures are often needed to improve crop harvest and stop additions to the weed seed bank. Eliminating the production of viable weed seeds is one of the key IWM practices. The objective of this research was to determine how termination method and timing influence viable weed seed production of late-season weed infestations. Research was conducted in Delaware, Michigan, and New York over a 2-yr period. The weeds studied included: common lambsquarters, common ragweed, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf. Three termination methods were imposed: cutting at the plant base (simulating hand hoeing), chopping (simulating mowing), and applying glyphosate. The three termination timings were flowering, immature seeds present, and mature seeds present. Following termination, plants were stored in the field in mesh bags until mid-Fall when seeds were counted and tested for viability. Termination timing influenced viable seed development; however, termination method did not. Common ragweed and giant foxtail produced viable seeds when terminated at the time of flowering. All species produced some viable seed when immature seeds were present at the time of termination. The time of viable seed formation varied based on species and site-year, ranging from plants terminated the day of flowering to 1,337 growing degree d after flowering (base 10, 0 to 57 calendar d). Viable seed production was reduced by 64 to 100% when common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf were terminated with immature seeds present, compared to when plants were terminated with some mature seeds present. Our results suggest that terminating common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and giant foxtail prior to flowering, and velvetleaf and jimsonweed less than 2 and 3 wk after flowering, respectively, greatly reduces weed seed bank inputs.

Tolpyralate Efficacy: Part 1. Biologically Effective Dose of Tolpyralate for Control of Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weeds in Corn

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 698-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan A. Metzger ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Alan J. Raeder ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Biologically Effective Dose ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Green Foxtail

AbstractTolpyralate is a new 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicide for POST weed management in corn; however, there is limited information regarding its efficacy. Six field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada, over 3 yr (2015 to 2017) to determine the biologically effective dose of tolpyralate for the control of eight annual weed species. Tolpyralate was applied POST at six doses from 3.75 to 120 g ai ha−1and tank mixed at a 1:33.3 ratio with atrazine at six doses from 125 to 4,000 g ha−1. Regression analysis was performed to determine the effective dose (ED) of tolpyralate, and tolpyralate+atrazine, required to achieve 50%, 80%, or 90% control of eight weed species at 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after application (WAA). The ED of tolpyralate for 90% control (ED90) of velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, redroot pigweed or Powell amaranth, and green foxtail at 8 WAA was ≤15.5 g ha−1; however, tolpyralate alone did not provide 90% control of wild mustard, barnyardgrass, or ladysthumb at 8 WAA at any dose evaluated in this study. In contrast, the ED90for all species in this study with tolpyralate+atrazine was ≤13.1+436 g ha−1, indicating that tolpyralate+atrazine can be highly efficacious at low field doses.

Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Taylorson
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractGermination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.

Weed control in soybean using pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly D. Belfry ◽  
Kristen E. McNaughton ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Glycine Max L

Belfry, K. D., McNaughton, K. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Weed control in soybean using pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1199–1204. Pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone are new herbicides currently being evaluated for weed control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Ontario, Canada. Seven experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period (2011 to 2013) at Ridgetown and Exeter, Ontario, to evaluate weed management using pyroxasulfone, sulfentrazone and their tank-mixes relative to the industry standard, imazethapyr plus metribuzin. Tank-mixing pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone provided up to 97, 46, 60, 100 and 71% control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], Powell amaranth [Amaranthus powellii (S.) Wats.] and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), respectively, at 2 wk after treatment. Control with pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone was improved when tank-mixed, relative to application of each herbicide separately. Although control was variable across weed species, no difference in control was identified between pyroxasulfone plus sulfentrazone and imazethapyr plus metribuzin. Soybean yield was up to 2.7, 2.4 and 2.9 t ha−1 for pyroxasulfone, sulfentrazone and pyroxasulfone plus sulfentrazone application, yet imazethapyr plus metribuzin provided the highest yield (3.3 t ha−1). This research demonstrates that pyroxasulfone plus sulfentrazone may be used as a valuable weed control option in soybean; however, weed community composition may limit herbicidal utility.

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