Increased weed emergence and seed bank depletion by soil disturbance in a no-tillage system

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
Viable Seeds

The influence of secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern and seed bank depletion of an annual weed community in a long-term, no-tillage corn cropping system was determined in 1992 and 1993. As a component of this research, the seed bank was characterized prior to implementation of soil disturbance treatments. The seed bank was initially composed of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail, with approximately 55, 36, and 8% of the total viable seeds, respectively. The remaining 1% was comprised of five other species in 1992 and eight in 1993. The spatial distribution of viable seeds of each species, except common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed, was described by a negative binomial distribution. Three dispersion indices indicated that seeds of individual and total weed species were aggregated and that the level of aggregation of viable seeds of a species was associated with seed density; at lower seed densities, the level of aggregation was greater. Soil disturbance increased common lambsquarters emergence 6-fold in 1992 relative to nondisturbed soil, but did not influence emergence in 1993. Rainfall was about 50% less in 1993. In contrast, soil disturbance increased giant foxtail and redroot pigweed emergence approximately 6- and 3-fold in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Seedling emergence associated with soil disturbance, relative to nondisturbed soil, increased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters 16-fold in 1992, and giant foxtail and redroot pigweed and average of 6- and 3-fold in 1992 and 1993, respectively. These results indicated that soil disturbance increased seedling emergence and seed bank depletion of the predominant species in the weed community of a long-term, no-tillage system, but that this response was dependent on rainfall for common lambsquarters.

Seed bank characterization and emergence of a weed community in a moldboard plow system

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to characterize the weed seed bank, to determine the influence of moldboard plowing and secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern of weeds, and to measure weed seed bank depletion by emergence in a long-term moldboard plow corn cropping system. Viable seeds of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and each of 10 other species accounted for about 85, about 9, and less than 1%, respectively, of the total weed species in the seed bank. A negative binomial distribution described the spatial distribution of viable seeds of 10 species, but not of common lambsquarters or of redroot pigweed. Decreased density of seeds among species was associated with increased aggregation. Secondary soil disturbance increased the rate and magnitude of common lambs quarters emergence in 1992 but did not influence emergence in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance did not influence the magnitude and rate of emergence of redroot pigweed or velvetleaf. Whereas cumulative growing degree days from April through July were similar between years, the amount of rainfall was about 50% less in 1992 than in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance may have increased common lambsquarters emergence by increasing the availability of soil moisture and improving conditions for seed germination during the dry year. Even though seed bank depletion by seedling emergence was relatively low for all species, secondary soil disturbance in creased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed about 7- and 3-fold, respectively, in 1992. Seasonal variation in the amount of rainfall may have influenced the effect of soil disturbance on emergence and seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters, which is the most abundant species in the weed community.

Weed Control and Corn (Zea mays) Tolerance from Soil-Applied RPA 201772

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy L. Sprague ◽  
James J. Kells ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Field experiments were conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 to evaluate weed control and corn tolerance from soil-applied RPA 201772. Treatments alone and in tank mixtures with other corn herbicides were applied preemergence (PRE) at two locations with conventional tillage and at early preplant (EPP) and PRE application timings in no-tillage corn. RPA 201772 was applied alone and in tank mixtures with one-half the typical field rates of other PRE corn herbicides. In conventional tillage experiments in 1996, 1997, and at one location in 1998, all treatments containing RPA 201772 provided > 90% control of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, and velvetleaf. In two no-tillage experiments, common lambsquarters and velvetleaf control was > 90%, regardless of application timing. However, control of redroot pigweed and common ragweed varied among years and application timings. Weed control was more variable from herbicide treatments applied EPP compared with the PRE application timing. Giant foxtail control in both tillage systems was rate, timing, and year dependent. RPA 201772 rates higher than 79 g/ha controlled giant foxtail > 85% at three of five locations. At one location, tank mixtures with RPA 201772 increased giant foxtail control. Corn injury occurred in one of two conventional tillage locations and at the no-tillage location in both 1996 and 1997. Injury was most commonly observed in coarse-textured soils with low clay and organic matter and was more severe with higher rates of RPA 201772. Increased corn injury was also observed when RPA 201772 was combined with acetochlor plus dicloramid or BAYFOE 5043 plus metribuzin. Corn injury from RPA 201772 occurred at application rates above the proposed rate for use on corn. In some cases, severe injury to corn reduced corn yield. Injury to corn from RPA 201772 was not unique to any tillage system and was site, year, and rate dependent.

Winter cover crops reduce the soil seed bank and infestations of italian ryegrass in No‐Tillage System

Crop Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanei Cechin ◽  
Maicon Fernando Schmitz ◽  
Jonathan Schwanz Torchelsen ◽  
Miria Rosa Durigon ◽  
Dirceu Agostinetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Winter Cover ◽  
Winter Cover Crops

Stimulation of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Seed Germination by Injections of Ethylene into Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Egley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of ethylene upon germination of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) seeds were studied. In laboratory tests with seeds in sealed flasks in the dark, 10 μl/L ethylene increased germination of redroot pigweed seeds from 7% to 52% at 30 C, and increased germination of large and small common cocklebur seeds from 30% and 0% to 100% and 90% respectively, at 25 C. At least 12 h of exposure to ethylene was necessary for appreciable stimulation of germination. In growth chamber studies with known numbers of seeds in pots of soil, ethylene at 11 kg/ha was injected into the soil, and the pots were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h. One such injection at 2 weeks after planting, and successive injections at 2, 3, and 4 weeks, significantly increased redroot pigweed seedling emergence, and significantly decreased the numbers of dormant, viable seeds remaining in the soil. When pots were not enclosed, injections did not significantly effect redroot pigweed seeds, but significantly increased common cocklebur seedling emergence and decreased the number of viable common cocklebur seeds remaining in the soil.

Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Taylorson
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractGermination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.

A Comparison of Methods to Predict Weed Seedling Populations from the Soil Seedbank

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cardina ◽  
Denise H. Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
Corn Seedling ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Accurate prediction of potential weed seedling density would allow growers to implement control measures more effectively and could help avoid inappropriate and over application of preemergence herbicides. We compared three methods for handling soil samples to predict potential weed seedling emergence in plow-disk and no-tillage corn: seedling emergence from greenhouse trays, emergence from intact cores, and seed extraction following sieving. Seedbank numbers were highest for common lambsquarters followed by annual grasses and redroot pigweed, and seed numbers were higher in no-tillage than plow-disk plots. Coefficients of variation typically exceeded 60%. Density of seedling emergence from cores was more similar to field density than was emergence from trays. The percent of seeds in the seedbank that emerged was commonly more than 90% for annual grasses and usually less than 20% for common lambsquarters. All methods gave equivalent and relatively poor predictions of field population density. Spearman rank correlation between predicted and actual populations ranged from low negative values for common lambsquarters in no-tillage to 0.60 for annual grass emergence from trays in 1991. No method consistently gave highest correlations in both years and both tillage systems. Seedling emergence from intact cores, evaluated for 4 yr in plow-disk and no-tillage soybean fields, was significantly correlated (rs= 0.15 to 0.68) with emergence in the field. Pooling data from three to five neighboring sample sites increased the correlation between core and field emergence densities.

Long-Term Tillage Effects on Seed Banks in Three Ohio Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cardina ◽  
Emilie Regnier ◽  
Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters

Soils from long-term tillage plots at three locations in Ohio were sampled to determine composition and size of weed seed banks following 25 yr of continuous no-tillage, minimum-tillage, or conventional-tillage corn production. The same herbicide was applied across tillage treatments within each year and an untreated permanent grass sod was sampled for comparison. Seed numbers to a 15-cm depth were highest in the no-tillage treatment in the Crosby silt loam (77 800 m–2) and Wooster silt loam (8400 m–2) soils and in the grass sod (7400 m–2) in a Hoytville silty clay loam soil. Lowest seed numbers were found in conventional-tillage plots in the Wooster soil (400 m–2) and in minimum-tillage plots in the Crosby (2200 m–2) and Hoytville (400 m–2) soils. Concentration of seeds decreased with depth but the effect of tillage on seed depth was not consistent among soil types. Number of weed species was highest in permanent grass sod (10 to 18) and decreased as soil disturbance increased; weed populations were lowest in conventional tillage in the Hoytville soil. Common lambsquarters, pigweeds, and fall panicum were the most commonly found seeds in all soils. Diversity indices indicated that increased soil disturbance resulted in a decrease in species diversity. Weed populations the summer following soil sampling included common lambsquarters, pigweeds, fall panicum, and several species not detected in the seed bank.

Banded herbicide, rotary hoeing and cultivation effects on weed populations in ridge-tilled soybean

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Jurik
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Polygonum Pensylvanicum ◽  
Ridge Tillage

Can banded herbicide be eliminated in ridge-tilled soybean (Glycine max)? The effects of banded herbicide, rotary hoeing and cultivation on weed populations and soybean yield in a ridge-tillage system were tested on three farms in Iowa, USA in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, plots either had no herbicide or had herbicide banded in the row at planting in mid-May; all plots received two rotary hoeings and two cultivations. In 1990, treatments were banded herbicide with no rotary hoeing, banded herbicide with one rotary hoeing, and no herbicide with one or two rotary hoeings; all plots received two or three cultivations. In both years, over all weed species [primarily giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)], seedling emergence was highest in late May and early June, with few seedlings emerging after mid-June. Weed populations were highest in May and June, after which rotary hoeing and cultivation reduced weed numbers in all plots. There were no consistent differences among treatments in weed numbers in early August for the 2 years. In both years, there was no significant difference in soybean yield among treatments. Within-farm mean yields ranged from 2.26 to 3.01 Mg ha−1among farms in 1989 and from 2.07 to 2.93 Mg ha−1among farms in 1990. Ridge-tillage without herbicide was generally equivalent to ridge-tillage with banded herbicide, with respect to total number of weeds and number of broad-leaved weeds remaining in August after tillage, and to soybean yield.

Effect of Tillage and Soil-Applied Herbicides with Micro-Rate Herbicide Programs on Weed Control and Sugarbeet Growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Bollman ◽  
Christy L. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Herbicide Programs

Field trials were conducted to determine if tillage and soil-applied herbicides had an effect on weed control and sugarbeet growth with a micro-rate herbicide program. Sugarbeet emergence was earlier in the moldboard plowed system compared with the chisel plowed system at three of four sites. Conditions were dry and sugarbeets emerged 5 d later in the moldboard plowed system compared with the chisel plowed system at the fourth site. Even though the rate of sugarbeet emergence differed between tillage systems at all four sites, final sugarbeet populations did not differ at two of the four sites. Sugarbeet injury from PRE treatments ofS-metolachlor, ethofumesate, and ethofumesate plus pyrazon, followed by four POST micro-rate applications, ranged from 11 to 27% and 1 to 18% in the chisel and moldboard plowed systems, respectively, 6 wk after planting (WAP). Under wet conditions, sugarbeet stand was reduced and injury was greatest from PRE applications ofS-metolachlor. Common lambsquarters, pigweed (redroot pigweed and Powell amaranth), and giant foxtail control in mid-August was consistently higher when a PRE herbicide was applied prior to micro-rate herbicide treatments. Even though there were differences between PRE and no-PRE treatments with respect to sugarbeet injury and weed control, recoverable white sucrose yield did not differ between herbicide treatments. However, recoverable white sucrose yield was greater in the moldboard plowed treatments compared with the chisel plowed treatments at three out of the four sites.

Seedling emergence after maternal bentazon application to 10 cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Paul B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Seedling Characteristics

Maternal environments have been reported to affect various seed and seedling characteristics in many plants. In this study, we examined the effect of bentazon application to the mother plants on seed germination and seedling emergence of 10 cocklebur populations from wetlands or cultivated land. The mortality or longevity of fully developed seeds was affected significantly by bentazon application. Rate of seedling emergence showed little response, whereas percentage seedling emergence and percentage viable seeds in the soil were reduced by bentazon treatment to the mother plants. Populations from wetlands produced seedlings earlier than those from cultivated land. Key words: Seedling emergence, seed bank, herbicide, bentazon, cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium

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