Stimulation of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Seed Germination by Injections of Ethylene into Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Egley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of ethylene upon germination of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) seeds were studied. In laboratory tests with seeds in sealed flasks in the dark, 10 μl/L ethylene increased germination of redroot pigweed seeds from 7% to 52% at 30 C, and increased germination of large and small common cocklebur seeds from 30% and 0% to 100% and 90% respectively, at 25 C. At least 12 h of exposure to ethylene was necessary for appreciable stimulation of germination. In growth chamber studies with known numbers of seeds in pots of soil, ethylene at 11 kg/ha was injected into the soil, and the pots were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h. One such injection at 2 weeks after planting, and successive injections at 2, 3, and 4 weeks, significantly increased redroot pigweed seedling emergence, and significantly decreased the numbers of dormant, viable seeds remaining in the soil. When pots were not enclosed, injections did not significantly effect redroot pigweed seeds, but significantly increased common cocklebur seedling emergence and decreased the number of viable common cocklebur seeds remaining in the soil.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) Aqueous Extract as a Potential Bioherbicide to Control Amaranthus retroflexus L. in Maize

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Euro Pannacci ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Michela Farneselli ◽  
Francesco Tei
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Artemisia Vulgaris ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Allelopathic Activity ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

The allelopathic plant extracts can be applied as soil or foliar bioherbicides and are capable of suppressing germination and growth of several weeds, some of which are herbicide resistant. This study evaluated the allelopathic activity of the aqueous extract of aerial biomass of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) on seed germination and seedling growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), in order to be applied as a potential bioherbicide. The aqueous extract of mugwort was qualitatively examined for the presence of bioactive compounds and it was applied in a Petri dish and pot bioassays quantifying its effects on redroot pigweed and maize by non-linear regression analyses according the log-logistic model. The aqueous extract of mugwort showed the presence of several bioactive compounds with allelopathic activity, such as polysaccharides, organic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. The aqueous extract of mugwort, at the concentrations from 7.5% to 10% w/v, were found to be the optimal concentration range since it is able to inhibit seed germination, seedling emergence and plant growth of redroot pigweed, without affecting seed germination and seedling emergence of maize, or rather, stimulating its radicle, mesocotyl and plant’s growth. EC90 values for the seed germination, radicle and hypocotyl length of redroot pigweed were in the order: 6.1% and 8.1%, 3.2% and 6.2%, 3.8% and 5.7% w/v of aqueous extract in the two repeated bioassays, respectively. Due to potential herbicidal activity against weeds and biostimulant action on the crops, this extract could be the ideal solution in an integrated weed management program, in order to suppress weeds, increasing competitive ability of crops.

Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Scotch Broom ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Scotch broom is a large, leguminous shrub that has invaded 27 U.S. states. The species produces seeds with a hard coat that remain viable in the soil for years. Growth-chamber studies were conducted to determine effects of temperature regime and cold-stratification period on seed germination. Seedling emergence, mortality, and biomass also were studied in response to sulfometuron and metsulfuron herbicides and variation in soil texture and watering regime. Germination was greatest for a dark/light temperature regime of 15/20 C. Initial rates of germination increased as stratification period was varied from 0 to 60 d, but final germination after 90 d did not differ significantly among periods. Applied alone or in combination, sulfometuron and metsulfuron decreased biomass and increased mortality of seedlings. Mortality from simulated soil drought was greater in the presence versus absence of sulfometuron (20 and 6% mortality, respectively) probably because the herbicide reduced root biomass by 58 to 95%. Invasiveness of Scotch broom is facilitated by a prolonged period of germination across a broad temperature range. Increased control of Scotch broom seedlings with sulfometuron is likely if application is timed to expose recently emerged seedlings to developing conditions of soil drought.

Increased weed emergence and seed bank depletion by soil disturbance in a no-tillage system

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
Viable Seeds

The influence of secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern and seed bank depletion of an annual weed community in a long-term, no-tillage corn cropping system was determined in 1992 and 1993. As a component of this research, the seed bank was characterized prior to implementation of soil disturbance treatments. The seed bank was initially composed of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail, with approximately 55, 36, and 8% of the total viable seeds, respectively. The remaining 1% was comprised of five other species in 1992 and eight in 1993. The spatial distribution of viable seeds of each species, except common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed, was described by a negative binomial distribution. Three dispersion indices indicated that seeds of individual and total weed species were aggregated and that the level of aggregation of viable seeds of a species was associated with seed density; at lower seed densities, the level of aggregation was greater. Soil disturbance increased common lambsquarters emergence 6-fold in 1992 relative to nondisturbed soil, but did not influence emergence in 1993. Rainfall was about 50% less in 1993. In contrast, soil disturbance increased giant foxtail and redroot pigweed emergence approximately 6- and 3-fold in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Seedling emergence associated with soil disturbance, relative to nondisturbed soil, increased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters 16-fold in 1992, and giant foxtail and redroot pigweed and average of 6- and 3-fold in 1992 and 1993, respectively. These results indicated that soil disturbance increased seedling emergence and seed bank depletion of the predominant species in the weed community of a long-term, no-tillage system, but that this response was dependent on rainfall for common lambsquarters.

Responses of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Witchgrass (Panicum capillare) Seeds to Anesthetics

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray B. Taylorson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Activity ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Anesthetic Activity ◽  
Stimulatory Action ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Stimulation Of

Substances having anesthetic-like properties were examined for stimulation of redroot pigweed and witchgrass seed germination. Chemicals included the n-alcohols through C-5, 2-propanol, benzyl alcohol, diethyl ether, chloroform, and 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethanol. Redroot pigweed seeds required the far-red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) for an anesthetic substance to increase germination, but in witchgrass seeds the active anesthetic substances stimulated germination without added Pfr. The correlation coefficient comparing relative activity (RA) versus the membrane/buffer partition coefficient (M/B) of the active substances was very poor (−0.37) for pigweed seeds but was −0.91 for witchgrass. Leakage of cellular materials, including electrolytes, substances absorbing at 280 nm, and amino acids from seeds treated with either active or inactive anesthetics, was not particularly indicative of effects on germination in both species. Application of increased pressure (0.965 MPa) during anesthetic treatment, which in animals prevents anesthesia, was found to act oppositely and increase seed response to ethanol in redroot pigweed seeds, but in witchgrass seeds pressure suppressed the stimulatory action of ethanol. In both species, pressure appeared to have an action of its own, but for this action to be expressed the presence of a stimulatory anesthetic was also required. The results do not appear to support a good relationship of anesthetic activity with seed membrane lipophilic components in redroot pigweed seeds, but the relationship seems likely for witchgrass seeds.

Seedling emergence after maternal bentazon application to 10 cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Paul B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Seedling Characteristics

Maternal environments have been reported to affect various seed and seedling characteristics in many plants. In this study, we examined the effect of bentazon application to the mother plants on seed germination and seedling emergence of 10 cocklebur populations from wetlands or cultivated land. The mortality or longevity of fully developed seeds was affected significantly by bentazon application. Rate of seedling emergence showed little response, whereas percentage seedling emergence and percentage viable seeds in the soil were reduced by bentazon treatment to the mother plants. Populations from wetlands produced seedlings earlier than those from cultivated land. Key words: Seedling emergence, seed bank, herbicide, bentazon, cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium

Modeling weed emergence as influenced by burial depth using the Fermi-Dirac distribution function

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Prostko ◽  
Hsin-I Wu ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
Scott A. Senseman
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Dirac Distribution ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Research was conducted to determine the suitability of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function for modeling the seedling emergence of downy brome, johnsongrass, and round-leaved mallow, as influenced by burial depth. Six sets of previously published emergence data were used to formulate the model and test its adequacy. Two independent johnsongrass emergence data sets were used to validate the model. Constant temperature growth chamber studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature and moisture on the model parameters. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function was found to adequately describe the seedling emergence of downy brome, johnsongrass, and round-leaved mallow as indicated by a good visual data fit, narrow confidence intervals for the model parameters, and regression analysis of observed vs. modeled data. Although this function is a model used in physical science, its parameters can be related to abiotic factors such as soil texture, temperature, and moisture.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Field Residue and Root Allelopathic Impact on Weed Seed Germination

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Charles L. Webber III ◽  
Paul M. White Jr ◽  
Derek S. Landrum ◽  
Douglas J. Spaunhorst ◽  
Darcey G. Wayment ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sugarcane Field ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Allelopathic Compounds

Allelopathy, the chemical interaction between plants, may result in the inhibition of plant growth and development, which can include compounds released from a crop that adversely impact weed species. The objective of this research was to determine the allelopathic impact of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) field residue and root water extracts on seed germination of three weed species. Red morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.)] seeds were treated with five extract concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 g/L) from either sugarcane field residue or sugarcane root extracts. The field residue and roots were from sugarcane variety ‘HoCP 96-540’ plant cane. Germination generally decreased with increasing sugarcane field residue extract concentrations in the three weed species tested. At the highest residue concentration (100 g/L), red morningglory, redroot pigweed, and spiny amaranth germination decreased by 29%, 17.5% and 80.5%, respectively. Germination generally decreased with increasing sugarcane root extract concentrations in red morningglory and redroot pigweed, but not with spiny amaranth. The highest root concentration (100 g/L) decreased red morningglory and redroot pigweed germination by 19.5% and 18.5%, respectively. This research provides the first bioassay demonstrating that sugarcane root extracts have allelopathic activity, and specifically in respect to red morningglory and redroot pigweed germination. Future research should investigate the allelopathic compounds present in the sugarcane field residue and roots, determine if the same allelopathic compounds are present and in similar concentrations among other sugarcane varieties, and further examine which weed species may be susceptible to the allelopathic compounds present in sugarcane roots.

Temperature effects on germination and growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), and common waterhemp (A. rudis)

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiguo Guo ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Germination And Growth

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature on seed germination and growth of redroot pigweed, Palmer amaranth, and common waterhemp. At 15/10 C day and night temperature, respectively, no seed germination was observed in any species. Seed germination increased gradually as temperature increased. Germination peaked at 25/20 C in common waterhemp and at 35/30 C in redroot pigweed and Palmer amaranth. Seed germination of all three species declined when temperatures increased above 35/30 C. All three species produced less biomass at 15/10 C than at 25/20 C and 35/25 C. Redroot pigweed and common waterhemp biomass were similar at 15/10 C and higher than that of Palmer amaranth. However, Palmer amaranth produced more biomass than redroot pigweed and common waterhemp at 25/20 and 35/30 C. At 45/40 C, redroot pigweed, common waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth plants died 8, 9, and 25 d after initiation of heat treatment, respectively. The largest root volume among the three species was in Palmer amaranth grown at 35/30 C, whereas the smallest root volume was produced by Palmer amaranth grown at 15/10 C. Potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fmax) of Palmer amaranth was higher than that of redroot pigweed and common waterhemp at higher temperature. The greater growth of Palmer amaranth at higher temperatures may be attributed in part to its extensive root growth and greater thermostability of its photosynthetic apparatus.

Aerated water soak increases red oak seed germination and seedling emergence

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1257-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Struve ◽  
Martin F. Dress ◽  
Mark A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Red oak (Quercusrubra L.) acorns were collected from three trees in September, placed in plastic bags, and held at 2 °C for 150 days. Acorns were given 0-, 10-, or 14-day aerated water soaks before germination tests were conducted. Acorns from two trees, given a 14-day soak, had significantly higher germination capacity and uniformity than untreated acorns. In another test, acorns were given a 10-day aerated water soak treatment and returned to 2 °C for 30 and 60 days. After 30 days, treated acorns had superior germination compared with untreated acorns. After 60 days, there were no significant differences in germination between treated and untreated acorns. In a greenhouse study, acorns given an aerated water soak had higher shoot-emergence capacity than untreated acorns. However, the aerated water soak treatment did not increase seedling efficiency, the ratio between the number of plantable seedlings and the number of seeds sown.

scholarly journals Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Redroot Pigweed): Effects of Elevated CO2 and Soil Moisture on Growth and Biomass and the Effect of Radiant Heat on Seed Germination

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 728
Author(s):  
Sandra Weller ◽  
Singarayer Florentine ◽  
Muhammad Mansoor Javaid ◽  
Amali Welgama ◽  
Aakansha Chadha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae), Redroot pigweed, is native to North America, but has become a weed of agriculture worldwide. Previous research into competition with food crops found it significantly reduces yields. Additionally, taxonomy, biomass allocation, physiological responses to light intensity, water stress, elevated CO2, and herbicide resistance have been investigated. To extend other research findings, we investigated growth and biomass yield in response to (i) soil moisture stress, and (ii) drought and elevated CO2. Additionally, we investigated seed germination rates following exposure to three elevated temperatures for two different time periods. Overall, moisture stress reduced plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves. Elevated CO2 (700 ppm) appeared to reduce negative impacts of drought on biomass productivity. Heating seeds at 120 °C and above for either 180 or 300 s significantly reduced germination rate. These results inform an understanding of potential responses of A. retroflexus to future climate change and will be used to predict future occurrence of this weed. The finding that exposing seeds to high temperatures retards germination suggests fire could be used to prevent seed germination from soil seed banks, particularly in no-till situations, and therefore may be used to address infestations or prevent further spread of this weed.

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