Historical Research and Cultural History in Nineteenth-Century Austria: The Archivist Joseph Chmel (1798–1858)

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 115-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Ottner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Cultural Science ◽  
The One

During the nineteenth century, history developed into an independent discipline with important cultural and intellectual functions in both the academic world, as well as in society at large. Specific circumstances contributed to the rise in importance of this discipline: On the one hand, the emergence of an educated bourgeoisie and rising nationalist movements influenced the study of history; whereas on the other hand, public demands for assurances of continuity, as well as conservative efforts for restoration, also played an important role in history's growth in importance. Historicism, which began to establish itself in late-eighteenth-century Germany, had its forerunners in research approaches that grew out of the late Enlightenment. Concepts of cultural science [Kulturwissenschaft] developed by scholars of the late Enlightenment paved the way for the rise of the historical discipline during the first half of the nineteenth century.

Noi credevamo (We Believed): Story and history of emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Patat
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Historical Film ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The One

In the last ten years, Noi credevamo (We Believed) (Martone 2010) has been the subject of a very careful criticism interested not only in its historical-ideological implications but also in its semiotic specificities. The purpose of this article is to summarize the cardinal points of these two positions and to add to them some critical observations that have not been noted so far. On the one hand, it is a matter of highlighting how, as a historical film, the work is connected with the history of emotions, a recent historiographical trend that aims to detect the narrative devices of ideological propaganda and the diffusion of feelings since the late eighteenth century. On the other hand, the article proposes a new interpretation of Mario Martone’s film, starting with the analysis of phenomena that are not only historical but also technical and structural.

scholarly journals Unwomanly Woman: How Some Nineteenth-Century British Fictions Imagined Begum Samru of Sardhana

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayusman Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

In the late eighteenth century India, Begum Samru rose from a dancing girl to become a renowned military adventuress and the ruler of a small semi-independent principality. One of the few female rulers in the country at that period, she is romanticized nowadays in popular histories and biographies. This article examines how three nineteenth-century colonial authors imagined her in their fiction. It shows that these provide counternarratives to contemporary romanticizations of the Begum. By comparing colonial depictions of her with contemporary ones, the article highlights how all such imaginings are informed by the authors’ confirmation biases. It finally argues for the need to look beyond the personal life of Begum Samru to fully appreciate the other aspects of her sterling career.

Staging the Scaffold: Criminal Conversion Narratives of the Late Eighteenth Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Carsten Junker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Black Men ◽  
The Other ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Conversion Narratives ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Legal Discourses ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The One

Chapter considers how criminal conversion narratives staged the personae of enslaved black men in ways that legitimised white-coded religious and legal discourses. It also discusses the ways in which abolitionists used the same narratives to bolster their cause, namely by diverting attention away from the alleged crimes of the enslaved toward the cruelties that drove the perpetrators to commit their crimes in the first place. Indeed, the chapter argues that criminal conversion narratives oscillated between contradictory functions: potentially humanizing the enslaved by framing them as redeemable subjects, on the one hand, and presenting them as pieces of property that can be subjected to violent punishment, thereby condemning them to the sphere of the not-quite-human and preserving civic society as the realm of white power, on the other.

Masters of Disguise: French Cooks Between Art and Nature, 1651––1793

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
jennifer j. davis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
The One ◽  
Medical Treatises

This essay traces the changing place of artifice as an ideal in food preparation through seventeenth- and eighteenth-century cookbooks and medical treatises published in France. Initially one of the guiding aesthetic principles of elite culinary production, artifice propagated a series of technical processes that redefined skill among cooks. However, by the late eighteenth century, an ideology of the natural gained ground in aesthetic philosophy, which rendered those same highly prized skills of disguise as increasingly suspect. Of course, it proved difficult to identify what qualified as ““natural cuisine. ”” During the eighteenth century, two oppositional definitions of natural cuisine developed, with very different implications for the organization of culinary labor. On the one hand, natural cuisine could indicate simple preparations, dispensing with the need for a master cook. On the other hand, natural cuisine could require a rigorous study of nature's laws. By positing a universal foundation for taste in natural law, natural cuisine envisioned the cook's liberation from diners' whims and so theorized a relationship in which the cook dictated standards of taste to consumers, rather than vice versa. We might trace today's celebrity chefs' authority over ““good taste”” back to the latter definition promoting a more natural cuisine.

ARE THE MENTAL PECULIARITIES OF A NURSE PARTAKEN BY HER NURSLING?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-762
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
The One ◽  
Surgical Journal ◽  
Of Greece

Most of the writers on infant feeding until the late eighteenth century repeated the time-worn stories of character in humans, as well as in the lower animals, being transmitted by breast milk. However, as late as 1830, the highly respected Boston Medical and Surgical Journal was still perpetuating this belief, as is evident in the following quotation.1 We read, in the Spectator, of a certain very worthy man, who, having been bred with the milk of a goat, was extremely shy and timid in public, but that, nevertheless, he had frequently an hour in private, when, giving loose to his goatish propensities, he would enjoy a few frisks and capers. It is reported of Caligula, that he did not inherit his cruel and murderous disposition from either father or mother, but that his nurse was of a barbarous savage temper. Tiberius' nurse was unhappily a little too fond of tippling, and the Emperor proved a notorious drunkard. A bitch suckled a pig, which, when grown, would hunt as well as an ordinary hound; and the philosophical Phavorinus observes that, if a lamb be reared with goat's milk, or a kid with that of an ewe, the wool of the one will become hard, and the hair of the other soft. Further we may state, that, in the purest ages of Greece and Rome, this influence of the nurse in instilling her own good and bad qualities into the infant she suckled, was no less known than guarded against; and we find it particularly remarked, that, when Rome flourished as a commonwealth, "children were not suckled by mercenary nurses, but by the chaste mothers that bore them; thus were the Gracchi reared by their mother Cornelia, and Augustus by his mother Attia.

scholarly journals ‘Constitutions selection’: Darwin, race and medicine

BJHS Themes ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Suman Seth
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Race Science ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Race ◽  
Descent Of Man

Abstract In the course of his discussion of the origin of variations in skin colour among humans in the Descent of Man, Charles Darwin suggested that darker skin might be correlated with immunity to certain diseases. To make that suggestion, he drew upon a claim that seemed self-evidently correct in 1871, although it had seemed almost certainly incorrect in the late eighteenth century: that immunity to disease could be understood as a hereditary racial trait. This paper aims to show how fundamental was the idea of ‘constitutions selection’, as Darwin would call it, for his thinking about human races, tracking his (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to find proof of its operation over a period of more than thirty years. At the same time and more broadly, following Darwin's conceptual resources on this question helps explicate relationships between conceptions of disease and conceptions of race in the nineteenth century. That period saw the birth of a modern, fixist, biologically determinist racism, which increasingly manifested itself in medical writings. The reverse was also true: medicine was a crucial site in which race was forged. The history of what has been called ‘race-science’, it is argued, cannot and should not be written independent of the history of ‘race-medicine’.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Continuity and Change: Shifts in Labour Relations in the Potosí Mines (1680–1812)

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (S24) ◽  
pp. 93-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Barragán Romano
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The One

AbstractLabour relations in the silver mines of Potosí are almost synonymous with the mita, a system of unfree work that lasted from the end of the sixteenth century until the beginning of the nineteenth century. However, behind this continuity there were important changes, but also other forms of work, both free and self-employed. The analysis here is focused on how the “polity” contributed to shape labour relations, especially from the end of the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. This article scrutinizes the labour policies of the Spanish monarchy on the one hand, which favoured certain economic sectors and regions to ensure revenue, and on the other the initiatives both of mine entrepreneurs and workers – unfree, free, and self-employed – who all contributed to changing the system of labour.

Geopolitics of Comparison: World Literature Avant la Lettre

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Waïl S. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of

Abstract According to a well-known narrative, the concept of Weltliteratur and its academic correlative, the discipline of comparative literature, originated in Germany and France in the early nineteenth century, influenced by the spread of scientism and nationalism. But there is another genesis story that begins in the late eighteenth century in Spain and Italy, countries with histories entangled with the Arab presence in Europe during the medieval period. Emphasizing the role of Arabic in the formation of European literatures, Juan Andrés wrote the first comparative history of “all literature,” before the concepts of Weltliteratur and comparative literature gained currency. The divergence of the two genesis stories is the result of competing geopolitical interests, which determine which literatures enter into the sphere of comparison, on what terms, within which paradigms, and under what ideological and discursive conditions.

The Opium Wars

Jazz in China ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Eugene Marlow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many ◽  
Opium Wars

In the late 1910s, 1920s, and even into the 1930s, “jazz” was the music of the age in the Republic of China, especially and primarily in Shanghai on China's east coast. It was enjoyed equally by sophisticated Chinese gentry and upper-class people in the many dance halls dotting various parts of Shanghai, and by the many Europeans, Russians, and Americans living and working in the so-called “Paris of the East.” These same foreigners also owned pieces of Shanghai, literally. This chapter asks how several foreign nations came to own sections of Shanghai, and have unrestricted access to numerous key ports throughout China's eastern coast? The answer to these questions can be found in a conflict initially between the British (and ultimately the French, Russians, and Americans) and the Chinese in the mid-nineteenth century: the Opium Wars, two wars that had roots in late eighteenth-century China.

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